These notes cover the 6 chapters that fall under paper 1 under the caps syllabus. Namely The Endocrine system, homeostasis, the human nervous system, human reproduction, plant responses to the environment, and reproduction invertebrates. And additional bonus is that some of these chapters include f...
, Human Reproduction
Structure of the Male Reproductive System
->
the male of humans consists of:
reproductive system
↳ of testes situated
a
pair in the scrotum
↳
the epidermis, was deferens,
ejaculatory duct and urethra
(sperm duct Sjaculatory Duct
Cowper's glands
↳
the seminal vesicles,
prostate gland and
↳
the
ED
Cowper's gland
penis
the testes are the male
->
sex
organs
scrotum which lies outside the abdominal
->they occur in a
bag-like
cavity
Within each testis are found seminiferous tubules
↳the seminiferous tubules are
by germinal epithelium cells which produce
lined the
spermatozod by spermatogenesis
↳inside the seminiferous tubules, there are specialised cells:Sertolicells
the Sertoli cells nutrients for the into sperm
are rich in
glycogen
which is
thought serve
to as
spermatios as
they develop cells/spermatozoa
seminiferous interstitial cells:cells of
>between the tubules are
leydig
↳ the cells of
Leydig secrete the male sex hormone:testosterone
occurs (11-15
yrs old), testerone responsible for
is
development ofmale characteristics such of
↳
the
When sexual
maturity puberty the
growth hair
or as on the
face, armpits & public areas,
lowering of the voice and the development ofthe muscles which gives males their characteristic shape such as broad
shoulders
->
the tubes for to the outside include the deferens,
responsible carrying the spermatozod and related
products epididyms, was
ejaculatory ducts & the urethra
coiled tube
↳epididymis: a
lying outside each testis but within the scrotum
itleads from the seminiferous tubules, stores sperms the
temporarily and later
passes these
sperms into was deferens
, vas deferens/sperm duct:carries from the
epididymis through exculatory
the the abdomen into duct
spermatozoa the
ejaculatory ducts:join the after itleaves the bladder
↳
urethra just
contraction ofthe muscular walls ofthe duct forces its
ejaculatory contents
(sperm) through the urethra
↳ Grethra:
a tube which runs
through
the
penis and
opens at the
tip ofit
the common tube for urine a semen
accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate glands): fluid movement ofthe
↳
gland
and
Cowper's secrete a which promotes spermatozoa and which
provides
nutrition to the
spermatozoa
->
the is the external ofthe male
penis reproductive organ
->
it's made of tissue which becomes filled with blood the to become erectbefore it's inserted into the female
up spongy causing penis organ
->
it's responsible for
transferring spermatozoa from the male to the female
Structure ofthe female Reproductive System
->
the female reproductive systemconsists of:
ofovaries
pair
↳ a
uterine
cavity
is a
fallopian tube/oviduct leading from each
ovary
endometrium funnel of
oviduct
uterine wall
↳ lterus or womb
↳
vagina
-
or birth canal
↳Vulva external
or
opening cervix
vulva
->
the ovaries are female sex
organs
-
->
they occur in the lower of
part the abdominal
cavity and are held
up by ligaments
of
>every ovary is made
up of
a
covering germinal epithelium with a
large number offollicles within it
↳the
germinal epithelium produces the follicles
>orgenesis takes place within the follices to produce ord
↳ the
follicles secrete &
the female sex hormones
oestrogen progesterone
↳ When sexual female
maturity or
puberty occurs, the sex hormones are
responsible
for offemale characteristics increase in size ofbreasts,
the
development such as
developmentofpublic hair, hair in the
armpits and mentruation
the fallopian from the
->
tubes one ovaries to the uterus
convey
ofthe into ciliated funnels which
the fallopian expanded
->
tubes
upper parts are
partially enclose the ovaries
, the two
fallopian tubes
open into the uterus which is a
pear-shaped hollow
organ
with muscular walls
(lining ofthe
↳
the endometrium uterns) is with blood vessels
richly supplied
↳the of the uterus, the cervix, extends into the
vagina
neck
the uterus serves for attachmentofthe
embryo iffertilisation takes
place
Main
Changes thatOccur During Puberty
refers to the atwhich sexual
maturity
->
occurs
age
↳
Usually
1-15
years ago
individuals
however, greatvariation exists,
-> so that some
may
reach
puberty as
early as
gyrs or later on at
lays
girls (typically): boys (typically):
->
-> 10 al 1/OR
finish:
girls/1s-1] boys (10-177
->
sinmates pubertisunally
in females is
accompanied bythe puberty usually accompanied by:
->
of hair around
growth vagina
-
of hair in of hair
-growth armpits -growth
in the armpits
of increase size ofthe breasts
-growth hair the face
on -
in
onset ofmentruation
-lowering of the voice
-
-development of the muscles &
broadening of the shoulders
Gametogenisis
->
spermatogenesis refers to
the
process by
which
spermatozod are
produced from the
germinal epithelium ofthe testis
->
ofthe
oogenesis
refers to the
process by
which and are
produced from the
germinal epithelium ovaries
spermatogenesis oogenesis
->
and
gametogenesis
is term which includes
a
general
it refers to from ofthe
ie. the
process by
which
gametes are
produced the
germinal epithelium sex
organs
Spermatogenesis
->
puberty, the germinal epithelium cells lining the seminiferous tubules start to produce spermatozod by
It meiosis
->
germinal epithelium is diploid diploid number is yo
each and in humans the
->
there
pairs ofautosomes ofsex chromosomes (XY) in
and pair each
germinal epithelium cell
are 22 a
ofthe
process ofspermatogenesis
->
the broad is follows:
pattern as
↳ cells ofthe meiosis
germinal epithelium lining seminiferous tubules
the
undergo
↳ each cell thatundergoes meiosis produce four haploid spermatids
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