UNIT 9: VIOLENT ECONOMIC CRIME & CRIMES OF INTIMIDATION
1) STALKING
Course of conduct directed at specific person with repeated physical/visual proximity, non-consensual
STALKING
communication, or verbal, written/implied threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person
1.1) CATEGORIES OF SALKING:
SIMPLE Makes up about 60% of all stalkers = motivated by “if I can‟t have you, no one will”
OBSESSION Stalker usually seeks power/control over failed relationship with victim
STALKING Previous patterns of domestic/psychological abuse
Victim & stalker are casual acquaintances/complete strangers
LOVE OBSESSION
Stalker has low self-esteem & choose victims they perceive as having qualities that will
STALKING
raise their self-esteem = seek love relationship with their „obsession‟
EROTOMANIA Stalker is delusional & usually has serious mental disorder
STALKING Target public figures/celebrities to gain status for themselves
VENGEANCE Don‟t seek relationship – try to elicit particular response/change in behaviour of victim
STALKING (ex. get fired from job & stalk to show they made wrong decision)
Use the internet/other forms of electronic communications to threaten/engage in
CYBERSTALKING unwanted advances towards another person
Some wish to establish relationships – others seek to harm/terrify victims
Sending/posting harmful/cruel texts/images using the internet/other electronic device
CYBERBULLYING Need to feel powerful & in control = were likely victims of bullying themselves
Feel invisible due to the cyberspace (feel won‟t get caught) = easier to bully this way
2) HOSTAGE TAKING
Hold victims against their will & use them to obtain material gain/personal advantage
INSTRUMENTAL HOSTAGE T AKING : for material gain such as kidnapping child/holding child for ransom
May also be to achieve freedom where they hold hostage until getaway car arrives
EXPRESSIVE HOSTAGE TAKING : want to become significant & take control over his own fate (psychological) =
feel they have little control over events in their lives
Sometimes may begin as instrumental but develop into expressive when demands are too unrealistic
May be instrumental & expressive when offender expects material & psychological gain
2.1) TYPES OF HOSTAGE TAKERS
a. STRATTON’S TYPOLOGY
MENTALLY DISORDERED HOSTAGE TAKER : have little power & feel certain people/the world persecutes them =
feel sense of power/paying back those who persecute them when taking a hostage
Make unrealistic demands & their actions are unpredictable
CRIMINAL HOSTAGE TAKER : rational in their actions & possible to predict their behaviours = usually take
hostage to avoid arrest that makes it easy to negotiate with this type
Not prepared to lose their lives/freedom = thus most won‟t kill their hostages
SOCIAL, POLIT ICAL/RELIGIOUS HOSTAGE TAKER : usually associated with terrorist activities
Hostage takers are rational, plan very carefully & make sure their group will benefit /their cause will be
propagated by media coverage
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