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- University Of South Africa (Unisa)
Lecture notes of 47 pages for the course General Chemistry I at Unisa (will help you)
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lOMoARcPSD|23479258Aldehyde and Ketones - Lecture notes 19
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Bri llia nt STU DY CEN TRE LT.22 (RES) (ONLINE CLASS NOTESA)
LT.22 (RES)
CHAPTER - 00
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
In aldehydes the functional group is –CHO while in ketones the functional group is C O. Therefore
both aldehydes are ketones are collectively called carbonyl compounds due to the presence of
common C O group in their functional groups. They can be represented by the general formula
CnH2nO. They are functional isomers. They are widely spread in plants and animals kingdom. They
are responsible for a fragrance and flavour of the naturally occuring compounds. Eg : Vanillin from
vanilla beans. Cinnamaldehyde from (Cinnamon)
CHO CHO
OH
CH CH CHO
OCH3
Salicylaldehyde
OH (from meadow sweet)
Structure and Nomenclature
The carbonyl carbon is sp2 hybridised having trigonal planar structure and approximately 120° bond
angles.
C O C O
The carbon-oxygen double bond is polarised due to higher electronegativity of oxygen and as a result
of this, carbonyl carbon is an electrophile (Lewis acid) and oxygen is nucleophile (Lewis base). Hence
they have high dipole moments.
1
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Bri llia nt STU DY CEN TRE LT.22 (RES) (ONLINE CLASS NOTESA)
H–CHO Methanal or Formaldehyde
CH3 – CHO Ethanal or Acetaldehyde
CH3 – CH2 – CHO propanal
CH3 CH CHO Isobutyl or 2-methyl propene
CH3
CHO
3-Methyl cyclohexane carbaldehyde
CH3
CHO
Benzaldehyde
CHO
CHO
Phthalaldehyde or Benzene 1, 2-dicarbaldehyde
CHO
Glyoxal or Ethane 1, 2-Dial
CHO
CH2 CH CH2 Propane-1, 2, 3-Tricarbaldehyde
CHO CHO CHO
O
CH3 C CH3 Acetone or propanone
O
CH3 C CH2 CH3 But-2-one
2
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Bri llia nt STU DY CEN TRE LT.22 (RES) (ONLINE CLASS NOTESA)
O O
CH3 C CH2 C CH3 Pent-2, 4-Dione
O
Cyclopropanone
O
Cyclohex-1, 3-dione
O
O
C
CH3 1-Phenyl ethanone or acetophenone
O
C CH2 CH3 1-Phenyl propanone
O
C Benzophenone
O
CH3 C CH2 CHO 3-oxo butanal
O
CHO
2-Bromo-6-oxo-cyclohexenecarbaldehyde
Br
3
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