These meticulously crafted English class notes serve as an invaluable resource for students navigating the intricacies of the English language. Developed to enhance language proficiency, critical thinking, and communication skills, these notes encapsulate a diverse range of topics, from grammar to ...
,Contents
Language: application of skills ................................................................................................................ 3
Accepted vocabulary........................................................................................................................... 3
Punctuation ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Figure of Speech.................................................................................................................................. 3
Parts of speech.................................................................................................................................... 4
Textual editing .................................................................................................................................... 4
Important tips ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Grammar ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Example:.......................................................................................................................................... 5
Nouns .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Example ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Moods of the verb .............................................................................................................................. 7
Present participle ................................................................................................................................ 7
Gerund ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Show how the structure of the sentence impacts on meaning. Explain your answer (talk abt
clause and periodic, meaning difference) (4) ................................................................................. 7
Errors that come up most often ......................................................................................................... 8
Example ........................................................................................................................................... 8
Summery ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Time management .............................................................................................................................. 8
2
,Language: application of skills
If you know your rules, you will get 10/10 for the last section
1. Follow the instruction that prompts the question (i.e.. refer to text 1). Go back and read the
text
2. Circle key words
3. Start with the tail end of the question
Accepted vocabulary
• Parenthesis
• Active or passive
• Gerund
• Apostrophe
• Mood of the verb
• Clauses
• Subject, object, verb
Punctuation
• Comma – shows where a phrase ends and another begins
• Semi-colon – balances two equally important ideas and shows antithesis
• Exclamation mark – strengthens tone and ends mark that denotes a strong feeling
• Dash – creates a dramatic pause, separates comment from afterthought
• Ellipsis- incomplete sentence
• Apostrophe – shows possession or contraction
Figure of Speech
• Personification- giving human qualities to something that is not huma
• Simile – direct comparison using like or as
• Metaphor – implied comparison between two usually unrelated things, indicating likeliness
• Apostrophe- a dead person, inanimate object or idea is addressed as if they were human. To
direct the reader’s attention to something other than the person speaking
• Allusion – a reference to another work of literature
• Antithesis – compares and contradicts two ideas in a sentence
• Oxymoron – joining contradictory terms that evoke a powerful image
• Paradox – an apparent contradiction but upon careful thought makes good sense
• Irony – implies the opposite of what is being said
• Situational – the unexpected occurs
• Dramatic – the reader is aware of something the character isn’t, heightens the
tension.
• Sarcasm – the opposite of what is said is intended to hurt and humiliate
• Satire – uses irony/sarcasm to expose weakness in order to change the situation and
educate through humour
3
, • Parody – humorous imitation
• Appropriation – parts of original text are used in a different context
• Hyperbole – over exaggeration to create humour or emphasise a point
• Litotes –used to emphasize a point by stating a negative to further affirm a positive
• Euphemism – indirect way of saying something offensive
Parts of speech
• Finite verb: a verb which is influenced by subject, tense and number.
• Main clause: a clause that can stand on its own.
• Phrase: a group of words with no finite verb.
• Simple sentence: a sentence with only one finite verb.
• Compound sentence: two main clauses joined by a co-ordinating conjunction.
• Complex sentence: a main clause joined, by a sub-ordinating conjunction to a sub-clause.
• Periodic sentence: a complex sentence with the main clause at the end.
• Loose sentence: a complex sentence with the main clause at the beginning.
• Abstract noun – feeling or emotion
• Proper noun – specific person, place or object
• Personal noun – refers to the person speaking ( first, second or third person)
• Possessive pronoun – shows ownership
• Finite verb – has a subject, number and tense
• Infinitive verb - the basic form of a verb, without an inflection binding it to a particular
subject or tense
• Transitive verb – has a direct object
• Intransitive verb – does not have a direct object
Textual editing
• Concord – the pronoun must agree with the antecedent (word, phrase)
• Misrelated participle – the participle mustn’t create ambiguity
• Error in case – a nominative sentence must have who and I, an accusative sentence must
have whom and me.
• Wrong use of word literally – literally may not be used if something is figurative
• Mixed metaphor – two metaphors may not be used in the same sentence
• Wrong degree of comparison – If only two subjects one cannot be the best, only better.
• Subjunctive mood of the verb – a hypothetical statement needs a subjunctive verb
• Redundancy/verbosity – a fact need only be expressed once
• Malapropism – when a word is mistaken for a similarly sounding word
• Double negative – two negatives potentially cancel each other out
• Split infinitive – one cannot place a word in between the “to” and “verb” of an infinitive
• Gerund – a gerund must be proceeded by a possessive pronoun
Important tips
1) Apostrophe – used for contraction/omission, replaces a letter (it’s).– shows possession
(man’s girls’)
4
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