GGH2604
ASSIGNMENT 2
SEMESTER 2
2023
Environmental Consequences of Human Activities in Africa: A Critical Examination
, Introduction
Africa, often referred to as the "cradle of humankind," is endowed with vast natural and
mineral resources that have sustained its diverse ecosystems for millennia. This continent has
been both blessed and burdened by its wealth of natural treasures, which include lush
forests, rich farmland, mineral deposits, and an abundance of wildlife. While these resources
hold the promise of economic development and progress, their exploitation by human
activities has cast a looming shadow over the African environment.
As human endeavors across the continent intensify, the environmental repercussions of
these actions have become increasingly evident. This essay embarks on a critical examination
of the anticipated effects of human activities on the African environment. In particular, it
delves into three forms of pollution—air pollution, soil pollution, and fracking (hydraulic
fracturing)—that have emerged as prominent challenges. These environmental issues not
only threaten the continent's natural heritage but also have far-reaching implications for the
well-being of its people.
Air Pollution in Africa
Air pollution is a pervasive environmental issue in Africa, driven primarily by industrialization,
urbanization, and inadequate environmental regulations (Ezebilo et al., 2019). One of the
most significant sources of air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels for energy production
and transportation. This leads to the release of harmful pollutants, including sulphur dioxide
(SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) (Ibe et al., 2021).
The effects of air pollution in Africa are far-reaching. Firstly, it poses a serious threat to public
health, causing respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and premature deaths (WHO,
2018). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution-related deaths in
Africa reached over 700,000 annually, with major cities like Lagos, Cairo, and Nairobi
experiencing some of the worst air quality levels.
Air pollution also disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, including children, the
elderly, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. Prolonged exposure to polluted
air can lead to chronic health problems, reducing the quality of life and placing a heavy
burden on healthcare systems (Chafe et al., 2019).
