Exam (elaborations)
CMY3701 EXAM PACK 2023
- Course
- The Explanation of Crime
- Institution
- University Of South Africa
CMY3701 EXAM PACK 2023
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CMY3701EXAM
PACK 2023
, XXXXXXX_CMY3701
Ms. xxxxxxx
Student No: xxxxxx
2021 Semester 1
Explanation of Crime (CMY3701)
May/June Examination
Unique No: 770856
1
, XXXXXXX_CMY3701
Index Page No.
1. Introduction 3
2. Definition of the key concept 4
2.1 Conflict Model of Crime 4
2.2 Conflict perspective 4
3. Assumptions of the conflict theory 4
3.1 Fundamental assumption of the conflict theory 4
3.2 Six key elements of the conflict perspective 5
3.3 The struggle for scarce resources 6
4. The legacy of Marx and Bonger 7
5. Exponents of the radical conflict perspective 7
6. Other supporting examples for the student’s view: 7
7. Conclusion 8
8. Bibliography 9
2
, XXXXXXX_CMY3701
1. Discuss the fundamental principles of differential association. (15 Marks/ 25
Marks) repeated x2
1. Definition of key concept:
Differential association: The concept of differential association is an attempt
to account for the acquisition and maintenance of criminal behaviour in terms
of contact, or association, with particular environments and social groups.
(Walsh 2015:127).
2. Introduction
One of the theorists who took part in advancing the theory of differential association
in explaining criminal behaviour was Edwin H. Sutherland (1883–1950), a US
sociologist and criminologist. Sutherland first presented his ideas in the 1920s and
1930s. Sutherland emphasised criminal behaviour as something that people learn as
they interact with others, usually in small groups. Basically through association,
criminals learn to accommodate criminal behaviour and as a person can be instituted
and guided into good behaviour through association with good company, a person
can learn bad behaviour through the people s/he associates with frequently.
Sutherland argues that an environment that a person finds themselves in plays a role
in whether a person will commit crime or not. As Sutherland wrote, “When persons
become criminal, they do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and also
because of isolation from anti-criminal patterns”. (University of South Africa,
Introduction to Criminology – CMY1501, Only study guide for CMY1501).
3. Principles of differential association
To describe his idea of criminal behaviour being something that people learn through
associations Sutherland developed the concept of differential association. The
fundamental principles of differential association have been set out in nine
propositions that explain the process whereby a person becomes involved in crime
(Siegel & Senna, 2000:168±170; Bartollas, 2006:136±138; Reid, 2003:162±163).
These propositions are as follows:
3.1Proposition 1: Criminal behaviour is learned; it is not inherited.
In this proposition Sutherland argues that people learn criminal behaviour
from others. This eliminates the roles of genetics, human nature and
innovation as causes of divergent behaviour. Meaning that criminal
behaviour is something that people learn as they go about their normal
lives from the people they are exposed to and no one is born a criminal.
For example a child might have been raised in a good home but with no
3
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