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Essay Developmental Psychology (PYC4805)
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- University Of South Africa (Unisa)
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Hlengiwe Z.Z MnguniStudent no.62550144
Assessment 01. 790892
Human development is a complex formulation of various interactives forces, which work
together to create unique developmental trajectories foe each individual. These forces
interact differently for each person and have an impact other at the same time, making it
impossible to understand them when considered separately. The four forces that play
prominent roles within the biopsychosocial model are biological forces, psychological forces,
sociocultural forces and life-cycle forces (Kail et.al.,2019). These forces interact with one
another and when considered collectively, they portray a clear picture of progression.
Biological forces include all genetic and health-related factors that affect development.
Biological does not only mean genetic in this case, as factors like diet and exercise play
important roles. These biological forces provide raw materials and boundaries for
development and may affect development during pre-birth and throughout the lifespan (Kail
et.al.,2019). Psychological forces that include all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional
and personality factors that affect development. This can be seen in our ability to define
ourselves and influence our behaviours. For example, self-esteem and intelligence may
hugely impact one’s behaviour and development (Kail et.al.,2019). Sociocultural forces
include interpersonal, societal, cultural and ethnic factors that affect development.
Sociocultural factors compromise systematic impact on human development. This is
inclusive of society and culture, while also tackling aspects such as race and ethnicity. The
forces come from one’s society, their interactions with it and the mutual influence between
the two. Since one is exposed to cultural traditions and conventions within their particular
community and surroundings, culture plays a significant impact in how an individual
develops uniquely. A person is seen as a part of the large societal system which is inclusive
of institutions and the peoples lives. All these aspects affect the sociocultural facet
development within the biopsychosocial framework (Kail et.al.,2019). Lastly, life-cycle forces
that reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages. Life-cycle
implies that timing of these forces will affect one’s development trajectory. This means that
an event can affect someone’s development differently depending on when it happens and
how they react to it, different reactions to the same event may emerge, purely dependent on
when in a person’s life, this event occurs. This suggests that dependent may react on the
timing of the event and which life phase one is in, and as a result, they have a distinct
development response. This is an important aspect of the biopsychosocial model, as the
timing of all of the forces impacts long-term development uniquely for each person (Kail
et.al.,2019). A fundamental aspect of the biopsychosocial model is how each force shapes
other in a mutually interactive manner. The four forces can’t be understood when existing in
isolation, as they are interactive, mutually so. Depending on the timing of these forces, they
have different effects on development. To critically assess an individual, all major forces
within this framework must be investigated as an interrelated unit, as each force plays a role
in the larger picture development. This will allow for evaluation across the lifespan as well as
the different phases of life. Therefore, these four interactive forces within the biopsychosocial
model are complicate interconnected dynamic that creates unique developmental entities for
every individual (Kail et.al.,2019).
[533 words]
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