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OCR A-Level Biology Kidneys Summary R69,93   Add to cart

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OCR A-Level Biology Kidneys Summary

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Handwritten Notes detailing all the necessary A* content for Kidneys in OCR A-Level Biology.

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  • October 10, 2023
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  • 2023/2024
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kidney structure :

Cortex Dark outer
layer of filters through its many capillaries
kidney blood
:

the ->




medulla Contains :
the tubules of the nephronsforms pyramids and collecting ducts

Pelvis :

Central chamber where urine collects before leaving via the ureter


Nephrons filter the blood and remove
waste/unnecessary compounds
:




·

Bowman's Capsule Contains tangle of Capillaries
the
glomerulus
:



, a

2
·
Proximal Convoluted Tubule first coiled region of :
, the tubule after

the bowmans capsules most substances are reabsorbed here

Loop of Henle A long loop of tubule
·




creating a
region with a
very
:




high solute concentration in the tissue fluid The .

descending loop runs


from the cortex to the hairpin bend . The ascending loop runs back up
through
the medulla to the Cortex .




Distal convoluted
fine-tuning of osmoregulation permeability varies with ADA concentration
·



tube :


,




Duct Urine travels down to the pelvis the walls also respond to variations in ADH
Collecting
·
:


, .


Ultrafiltration : First stage in the removal of nitrogenous waste and
osmoregulation
1 .

Glomerulus is supplied by a wide renal arteriole and the blood leaves
through a narrow arteriole


creating high pressure .




2 .

Blood is forced out of the
capillary wall ,
passing through the basement membrane

~most of the
plasma can leave but blood cens and proteins are retained due to their size


Podocytes called pedicels
.
3 in the Bowman's capsule have extensions that wrap around the


capillaries ensuring any platelets or proteins do not escape the actual tubules
capsule contains glucose salt and urea and about 20 % of
4 The filtrate in the
.
the water
,




reabsorbed
Reabsorption amino acids , Vitamins and hormones
by active transport
In the PCT
glucose are
:

,




↳ Cens PCT have many microvilli and mitochondria better transport
lining the -




Loop of Henle :

Descending Limb Water moves filtrate down
·


out of the a concentration
gradient
:





No active transport so
any filtrate that reaches the
hairpin bend is
very hypotonic
Ascending Limb Permeable but not
·


to ions water so ions leave and reach an isotonic
necessary
:




concentration for reabsorption
Distal Convoluted tubule Water is reabsorbed :

or removed depending on ADA concentration .




If the
body lacks salt Sodium will be actively removed with chlorine
following the gradient
·

.




Collecting Duct : Continues to
modify Urine concentration
relating to ADH Concentration

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