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Samenvatting F710347A - Publieke economie
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F710347A - Publieke economie
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By: verbekenilsjp • 10 months ago
By: verbekenilsjp • 10 months ago
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SAMENVATTING PUBLIEKEECONOMIE
Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding.....................................................................................................................................................................6
Introductie.................................................................................................................................................................7
De staat/overheid..................................................................................................................................................7
Ideologische visie op relatie individu en staat: organische vs mechanistische visie............................................7
Consequentionalisme en itentionalisme/deontologie..........................................................................................7
Economie zonder overheid...................................................................................................................................7
Idee van de ‘minimale staat’.............................................................................................................................8
Basisbegrippen micro-economie...........................................................................................................................8
Marktefficiëntie.................................................................................................................................................8
Pareto-verbetering............................................................................................................................................9
Markten en Pareto-efficiëntie.........................................................................................................................10
Positieve en normatieve analyse........................................................................................................................11
Efficiëntie van markten en algemeen evenwicht................................................................................................11
Veronderstellingen..........................................................................................................................................12
Consumptie: de ruileconomie.............................................................................................................................12
Edgeworth box................................................................................................................................................14
Edgeworth box en ruil.....................................................................................................................................14
Edgeworth box met prijslijn............................................................................................................................15
Edgeworth box met voorkeuren.....................................................................................................................15
Contractcurve..................................................................................................................................................16
Conclusie Edgeworth consumptie...................................................................................................................17
Productie.............................................................................................................................................................18
Edgeworth box voor productie.......................................................................................................................18
Productiemogelijkhedencurve (PMC).............................................................................................................18
Top level efficiëntie.............................................................................................................................................20
Competitie leidt tot.............................................................................................................................................20
Eerste welvaartstheorema..................................................................................................................................21
Tweede welvaartstheorema...............................................................................................................................21
Hoe decenraliseren?.......................................................................................................................................21
Observaties..........................................................................................................................................................22
H19: Externe effecten..............................................................................................................................................23
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, Negatieve externaliteiten in een markt..............................................................................................................23
(negatieve) Externe effecten en het maatschappelijk optimum....................................................................24
Pigouviaanse belastingen................................................................................................................................25
Drie conclusies.................................................................................................................................................26
‘Markt’ van de vervuiling.....................................................................................................................................26
Link met milieu-economie...............................................................................................................................28
Doel van de overheid..........................................................................................................................................30
Pigouviaanse belastingen................................................................................................................................31
Normen en standaarden (commond and control)..........................................................................................33
Emissierechten ‘cap and trade’.......................................................................................................................35
Positieve externe effecten..................................................................................................................................36
Alternatieven om externaliteiten op te lossen...............................................................................................37
Internaliteiten......................................................................................................................................................39
Merite en demeritegoederen.........................................................................................................................39
H20: Publieke goederen..........................................................................................................................................40
Vier soorten goederen en diensten....................................................................................................................40
Publieke goederen...............................................................................................................................................40
vrijbuiters en de financiering van publieke goederen....................................................................................40
Optimale voorziening van privaat en publiek goed............................................................................................41
Private voorziening van een publiek goed......................................................................................................43
Evaluatie..........................................................................................................................................................49
Sociale normen als oplossing..........................................................................................................................50
Gemeenschappelijke bronnen............................................................................................................................51
Clubgoederen......................................................................................................................................................52
Hoe beslissen tot voorziening van publiek goed?...............................................................................................52
Kosteneffectiviteitsanalyse.............................................................................................................................53
Maatschappelijke kosten en baten analyse (MKBA).......................................................................................57
Waarderingsmethoden voor niet markt-goederen............................................................................................63
Soorten waarde...............................................................................................................................................63
Voorkeuren......................................................................................................................................................64
Compenserende variatie en equivalente variatie: exacte welvaartsmaatstaven...........................................65
Waarderingsmethoden...................................................................................................................................67
H18: Mededinginsbeleid/marktmacht....................................................................................................................70
De overheid als bewaker van competitie............................................................................................................70
Competitie...........................................................................................................................................................71
Efficiëntie.............................................................................................................................................................71
Competitie en allocatieve efficiëntie..............................................................................................................71
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, Competitie en technische efficiËntie...............................................................................................................71
Volmaakte mededinging bij perfecte concurrentie........................................................................................72
Volmaakte mededinging bij monopolistische concurrentie...........................................................................73
Verschillende marktvormen............................................................................................................................74
Dynamische efficiËntie?..................................................................................................................................75
Perfecte informatie.........................................................................................................................................75
Assymetrische informatie...............................................................................................................................76
Introductie rationaliteit, speltheorie en behavioural economics...........................................................................78
Rationeel keuzemodel.........................................................................................................................................78
Ecpected utility model.........................................................................................................................................78
Speltheorie......................................................................................................................................................79
Vraag................................................................................................................................................................79
Streepjesspel...................................................................................................................................................79
Kaartjessspel....................................................................................................................................................79
Conclusie.........................................................................................................................................................80
Nash-evenwicht...................................................................................................................................................81
Potentiële strategieën?...................................................................................................................................81
Vier karakteristieken van goede strategie (Axelrod)......................................................................................82
Behavioural economics...........................................................................................................................................83
Het ‘neoklassieke’ basismodel: rational choice..................................................................................................83
Als economische agenten niet het rationeel keuzemodel volgen..................................................................83
Behavioural economics (gedragseconomie).......................................................................................................84
Gedragsvertkeningen (bias)................................................................................................................................84
Kritieken..............................................................................................................................................................89
Gevolgen voor beleid..........................................................................................................................................89
H7: Gevolgen van overheidsingrepen.....................................................................................................................90
Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................90
Indirecte belastingen en subsidies......................................................................................................................91
Belasting op het aanbod..................................................................................................................................92
Belasting op de vraag......................................................................................................................................94
Gevolgen van de indirecte belasting...............................................................................................................97
Twee observaties...........................................................................................................................................100
Leiden hogere belastingtarieven tot hogere belastingsontvangsten?.........................................................101
Subsidies........................................................................................................................................................102
Prijsinterventie..................................................................................................................................................103
Maximumprijs of prijsflafond........................................................................................................................103
Minimumprijs of prijsbodem.........................................................................................................................105
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, Quota = hoeveelheidsinterventie.....................................................................................................................107
Optimale belastingen........................................................................................................................................108
H22: Publieke keuze en sociale keuze...................................................................................................................109
Normatieve welvaartstheorie...........................................................................................................................109
Publieke dienstverlening...............................................................................................................................109
Publieke keuzetheorie.......................................................................................................................................110
Politieke markt: ‘marktevenwicht’................................................................................................................110
Verkiezingen en het onmogelijkheidstheorema van Arrow.............................................................................111
Stemprocedures (soorten kiessystemen).....................................................................................................111
Voorkeuren en onmogelijkheid.....................................................................................................................112
Theorie van de mediaankiezer..........................................................................................................................113
Evaluatie mediaankiezer...............................................................................................................................116
Evolutie van de overheid...................................................................................................................................117
Budgetmaximaliserende ambtenaar (Niksanen)..........................................................................................118
Budgetmaximalisernede manager (Niksanen)..............................................................................................118
De wet van Wagner (vraag)...........................................................................................................................119
De wet van Baumol (aanbod)........................................................................................................................119
Pal- of Ratchet-effect....................................................................................................................................119
H21: Ongelijkheid en herverdeling........................................................................................................................120
Beoordeling van ongelijkheid............................................................................................................................120
Verschil allocatie en distributie.....................................................................................................................120
Voorbeeld......................................................................................................................................................121
Gelijkheid van kansen....................................................................................................................................122
Waarom aandacht voor ongelijkheid?..........................................................................................................123
Argumenten pro ongelijkheid.......................................................................................................................123
Discriminatie..................................................................................................................................................124
Discriminatie van wat? Wat is welvaart?......................................................................................................125
Geëquivaliseerd inkomen = equivalent inkomen.........................................................................................126
Hoe ongelijkheid meten....................................................................................................................................127
(Cumulatieve) inkomensverdeling................................................................................................................127
Decielenmethode..........................................................................................................................................128
Lorenz-curve..................................................................................................................................................129
Problemen met meting van ongelijkheid......................................................................................................130
Branko Milanovic: toename van het inkomen tussen 1988 en 2008...........................................................132
Armoede............................................................................................................................................................132
Armoedemeting............................................................................................................................................133
Gevolgen van armoede.................................................................................................................................133
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