Exam (elaborations)
NST1501 EXAM PACK 2023
- Course
- NST1501 (NST1501)
- Institution
- University Of South Africa
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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MFP1501 EXAMPACK 2023
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
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1
Max 3 marks per kingdom
awarded. You are supposed to
QUESTION 1
describe the characteristics in
paragraph form, not a list
1.1 Describe the characteristics of Kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi and
Animalia
❖ Characteristics of kingdom Protista:
➢ Protista are eukaryotic organisms that have cells with nuclei but are not an
animal, plant or fungus.
➢ Protista do not form a natural group, or colony.
➢ They are composed of organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and
which form no tissues.
➢ They may reproduce through asexual or sexual means, be autotrophs or
heterotrophs.
➢ Protista are diverse. They include organisms such as seaweeds, diatoms,
amoebas, disease –causing organisms such as plasmodium, which causes malaria.
❖ Characteristics of kingdom Plantae:
➢ They are non-motile.
➢ They usually reproduce sexually.
➢ Plant adaptations include roots, leaves, vascular system.
➢ They are multicellular eukaryotes with cell wall and vacuoles.
➢ They follow the autotrophic mode of nutrition.
➢ They contain photosynthetic pigments called chlorophyll in the plastids.
➢ They have different organelles for anchorage, reproduction, support and
photosynthesis.
❖ Characteristics of kingdom fungi:
➢ Fungi are eukaryotic, and heterotrophic organisms.
➢ They may be unicellular.
➢ They reproduce by means of spores.
➢ Fungi lack chlorophyll and therefore cannot perform photosynthesis.
➢ Fungi stores their food in form of starch.
➢ The nuclei of the fungi are very small.
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➢ During mitosis, the nuclear envelope is not dissolved.
➢ The fungi have no embryonic stage, they develop from the spores.
➢ The mode of reproduction is sexual or asexual.
➢ Some fungi are parasitic and can infect the mass.
➢ Fungi produce a chemical called pheromone which leads to sexual reproduction in
fungi.
➢ For e.g., mushrooms, moulds, yeast.
❖ Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia:
➢ Kingdom Animalia id made up of all animals. It is the largest kingdom amongst the
five kingdoms.
➢ Animals are multicellular eukaryotes.
➢ They do not have a cell wall or chlorophyll like plants.
➢ The members of animal kingdom have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
➢ Most reproduce sexually and are diploid during most of their cycles.
➢ The gametes are the haploid stage of the life cycle.
➢ Kingdom Animalia is further divided into smaller evolutionary groups such as
Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata.
1.2 Discuss the Domains of Life: Bacteria and Archaea.
➢ Bacteria – They are single-celled organisms that usually live in a diverse
environment. Bacterial DNA called the nucleoid are a twisted thread-like mass that
flows free. They even possess a cellular structure that executes a range of circular
functions that involves the transfer of energy to the transportation of proteins.
Bacteria consist of plasmids which are a circular piece of DNA. The Bacterial cells
consists of the inner cell membrane and an outer cell wall. Whereas some of the
bacteria do not possess cell wall such as mycoplasmas. In some cases, bacteria
may consist of a third protective outer layer in a cell called a capsule. Some bacteria
are autotrophs which means they photosynthesize. Others are heterotrophs which
means they cannot photosynthesize. Bacteria reproduce asexually by dividing, but
most occasionally exchange some genetic material. Bacteria vary in shape and
some have flagella for locomotion.
➢ Archaea – Archaea are not bacteria. They are single-celled organisms that
comprise cells with distinct properties that make them unique from the other two
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domains of life, namely eukarya and bacteria. The archaea are further divided into
multiple recognized phyla. The classification is difficult because the majority has not
been isolated in the laboratory and have only been detected by analysis of their
nucleic acids in samples from their environment. They use numerous sources of
energy and display a diverse group of chemical reactions in metabolism. Based on
their reactions, they are categorized into nutritional groups. That is either dependent
on carbon sources and energy. Some group of archaea uses sunlight as a source of
energy. They are termed as phototrophs. But any of these organisms do not possess
oxygen generating photosynthesis. The other forms of archaea use inorganic
compounds as a source of energy, namely ammonia or sulphur. They are a distinct
domain of prokaryotic organisms. Similar to bacteria size and simplicity but different
in molecular organisation. Some archaea are extremophiles that thrive in harsh,
salty, or very hot environments. Others are chemoautotrophs that make food using
2
chemical energy from molecules such as hydrogen sulfide.
Plagiarism - Max 60% awarded
QUESTION 2
2.1. Define Vascular and Non-Vascular plants:
➢ Vascular plants – Vascular plants are also known as tracheophytes. These
plants have a vascular tissue. Vascular tissues transport water, minerals, and sugars
to different parts of the plant. Vascular tissue is made of two specialized conducting
tissues namely the xylem and phloem. Xylem tissue transports water and nutrients
from the roots to different parts of the plant, and also plays a role in structural
support in the stem. Phloem tissue transports organic compounds from the site of
photosynthesis to other parts of the plant. The xylem and phloem always lie adjacent
to each other in a vascular bundle.
➢ Non-Vascular plants – Non-vascular plants are also known as bryophytes.
These include the most primitive forms of land vegetation. These plants lack
vascular tissue system needed for transporting water and nutrients. Non-vascular
plants do not produce flowers, fruits or seeds. They also lack true leaves, roots and
stems. Non-vascular plants exhibit alternation of generations and cycle between
sexual and asexual reproductive phases. There are 3 main divisions of bryophytes
namely mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
2.2. The function of vascular tissues:
The vascular tissues functions mainly in maintaining the water balance and sugar
balance of a plant. Remember that photosynthesis creates glucose, which the plant
will use as energy. Water has great cohesive forces which are molecules sticking to
each other and adhesive forces which are attaching to walls of xylem cells. Water
molecules pull each other up the column like a long chain. The column goes from
roots leaves. The loss of water through the 8leaves 8 stoma which is called
transpiration which generates the 8suction force9 that pulls adjacent water molecules
up the leaf surface.
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