This summary contains work from the tutorial letter, study guide and both of the prescribed books. The key concepts, chapters and points are covered in the summary.
Table of Contents
POVERTY AND THE POOR AS CONTEXT.............................................................................................................................3
Poverty and the poor....................................................................................................................................................3
Poverty, women and development...............................................................................................................................3
Responses to poverty....................................................................................................................................................4
Stakeholders in community development.....................................................................................................................4
PRACTICE MODELS............................................................................................................................................................5
Community development.............................................................................................................................................5
Community education...................................................................................................................................................5
Social planning..............................................................................................................................................................5
Social marketing............................................................................................................................................................6
Social action..................................................................................................................................................................6
COMMUNITY WORK: AN OVERVIEW................................................................................................................................7
Origins of community work...........................................................................................................................................7
Relationship between community work and other social work methods.....................................................................8
Relationship between community work & community development...........................................................................8
The nature of community work....................................................................................................................................8
Nature of community development............................................................................................................................11
THEORETICAL CONTRIBUTIONS......................................................................................................................................13
Person-centred approach............................................................................................................................................13
Social construction......................................................................................................................................................13
Critical theory.............................................................................................................................................................13
Assets-based community development......................................................................................................................14
Appreciative inquiry....................................................................................................................................................14
Sustainable livelihoods................................................................................................................................................14
Developmental approach............................................................................................................................................15
Social development approach.....................................................................................................................................15
Basic needs approach.................................................................................................................................................15
Systems perspective....................................................................................................................................................15
COMPONENTS AND PARTICIPANTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT.............................................................................16
The Environment.........................................................................................................................................................16
The community and the action group.........................................................................................................................17
The community worker’s organisation........................................................................................................................17
The community worker...............................................................................................................................................17
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY WORK..........................................................................................................................19
The community...........................................................................................................................................................19
The practitioner..........................................................................................................................................................19
The context................................................................................................................................................................. 20
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT METHODS AND SKILLS..................................................................................................21
, Introduction................................................................................................................................................................21
Broad-angle scan.........................................................................................................................................................21
Listening survey..........................................................................................................................................................21
Collecting stories.........................................................................................................................................................21
Appreciative inquiry....................................................................................................................................................21
Mapping...................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Community self-surveys..............................................................................................................................................22
Swot analysis...............................................................................................................................................................22
Social analysis.............................................................................................................................................................22
ETHICS, PRINCIPLES, FEATURES & OUTCOMES OF PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT........................................................23
Ethics for social workers..............................................................................................................................................23
Principles of community development.......................................................................................................................23
Features of community development.........................................................................................................................24
Outcomes of community development......................................................................................................................24
THEMES OF ACTION........................................................................................................................................................26
Initiating the project...................................................................................................................................................26
Planning...................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Implementation..........................................................................................................................................................26
Evaluation/reflection & control...................................................................................................................................27
Termination.................................................................................................................................................................27
THE COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS.................................................................................................................................27
Step 1: Do a situation analysis.....................................................................................................................................28
Step 2: Identify & analyse impediments.....................................................................................................................28
Step 3: Formulate a plan of action..............................................................................................................................29
Step 4: Implement the plan of action..........................................................................................................................30
Step 5: Evaluate the process & results & sustain change............................................................................................31
, POVERTY AND THE POOR AS CONTEXT
Poverty and the poor
Basic needs not being met, lack of sufficient means of subsistence.
Perception of poverty influence how we respond to deprived people- “poverty” & “poor” are “labels.
Poverty: condition experienced by groups of people referred to as “the poor”, reflected by economic
indicators.
Absolute poverty: next meal/absence thereof means difference b/t life & death.
Relative poverty: basic needs met, experience disadvantage i.t.o their social environment.
THEORIES ON CAUSES OF POVERTY:
o 2 categories: 1- personal responsibility & personal dysfunction; 2- blame society, created & damaged
by oppression.
VIEWS OF UNDERSTANDING POVERTY:
o Max-Neef: Poverties of unmet, fundamental human needs-
Economic concept of poverty inadequate.
Any fundamental need not adequately satisfied = poverty.
Types of poverty:
Subsistence- income, food shelter
Protection- health systems, violence, arms race
Affection- oppression, exploit natural enviro
Understanding- poor education
Participation- marginalisation, discrimination
Identity- alien values, exile
Destroyer- supposed to satisfy 1 need, destroy community’s ability to meet other needs
Pseudo-satisfier- create false sense of satisfaction
Inhibiting satisfier- can prevent fulfilment of other needs
Singular satisfier- only satisfy one need
Synergic satisfier- satisfy 1+ need at the same time
Human scale developmental approach: economic growth isn’t enough to alleviate poverty. Is
people-centred, so sees people as change agents in their own future. Satisfy all needs, not just
economic.
o Chambers: Poverty as entrapment-
Poor: households trapped in a cluster of disadvantage.
People easily exploited & vulnerable, have insufficient skills & resources.
Households experience:
Material poverty- lack of food
Isolation- unable to pay for school/ travel
Vulnerability- insufficient assets
Powerlessness- low status
o Freire: Poverty as oppression-
oppressed people within a culture of silence.
They become “beggars without choice”
They have no decision-making power- so they protest & react w/ aggression.
They confront the system to say they’re still human.
“THE POOR”:
o Label given by outsiders & creates distance. Ignores their individuality.
o Poverty becomes an impersonal phenomena- label makes them nameless & faceless = “us” & “them”.
o Lost their self-determination & become dependent.
o Not a homogenous group w/ common interests.
Poverty, women and development
Male development at expense of women’s
Women are most NB change agents- give decision- making power & authority
Change occurs when women become empowered
Women more open to change & their needs differ from men’s
, Change oppressive practices & traditions.
Responses to poverty
Understanding & causes of poverty develops as follows:
o Defined as shortage of things
o Shortage of skills, local motivation & initiative
o As a failure of different systems
o Insufficient mobilising vision
4 stages of development
o Generation 1: Welfare & Relief
Direct service delivery to meet immediate shortage.
Provide short-term assistance to help them get back on their feet/ stimulate the
economy.
Related to the individual/ family.
Assistance depends on funds, staff, admin of the organisation.
Eg. Faith—based organisations.
o Generation 2: Small-scale, self-reliant local development
Endeavour to build capacity/ empower self-help, self-reliant local action that will
continue beyond the period of assistance.
Assist organisations to mobilise groups and focus on development of human
resources, to satisfy their own needs through self-reliant, local action.
o Generation 3: Sustainable Systems Development
Focus beyond local community, attempt to effect changes in policies & institutions.
Aim to change existing systems, to provide Generation 2 w/ links to supportive
national systems.
o Generation 4: Development Strategies
Seeks to address deficiencies of 3rd Generation & facilitate global action.
Communicate ideas & info through mass media to energise voluntary actions.
Stakeholders in community development
1st sphere: National government
o Formulate policy & legislation, plan national strategies.
o Address problems through socio-economic legislation, poverty alleviation programmes,
welfare & development projects
2nd sphere: Provincial government
o Formulate provincial policy & structures.
3rd sphere: Local government
o Municipalities responsible for social development in their sphere.
NGO’s & CBO’s
o Independent, private & voluntary. Provide aid & relief, initiate developmental work.
o Direct efforts to communities suffering great poverty, political inequality & isolation.
The private sector
o As part of social responsibility, they develop & fund initiatives especially where their workers
reside/ where business in located.
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