Very poor quality information, lots of grammar mistakes.
By: hawkinsella2002 • 6 months ago
This is not the case as the notes are summaries and are in bullet points so grammar is irrelevant. This customer was extremely rude and didn’t read what she ordered. All the information is derived from the module.
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Haematology Metabolism Cheat Sheet
Metabolic Syndrome
Three types of diabetes
o Type one - autoimmune attack
o Type two - Metabolic syndrome
o Gestational Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of medical disorders that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes
and cardiovascular disease
o Factors that contribute include obesity, insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia
Obesity and Diabetes
Obesity causes defective insulin responsiveness leading to insulin resistance
o This results in compensatory beta cell function leading to hyperglycaemia
Obesity causes insulin resistance due to inflammatory, adipocrine and lipid stress
Sulphonylureas also trigger insulin secretion by binding to SUR1 subunits of K ATP channels
which closes them
Reactive Oxygen Species
ROS have unpaired electrons
The production of free radicals required NADPH
A one electron reduction yields a superoxide anion radical which reacts with anything it
bumps into
o Oxygen + Ie- = superoxide
A two electron reduction yields hydrogen peroxide
A singlet oxygen is formed when one electron is excited to a higher energy level
Transition metals donate or accept free electrons via intracellular reactions to help create
free radicals
SOD is an enzyme that catalyses the dismutation of the superoxide radical into either
molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide
In the mitochondria, ROS cause
, o Redox signalling
o Mitochondrial dysfunction
o Apoptosis and necrosis
o Disease and ageing
ROS Measurements
ROS are measured using
o Fluorescent probes
o Mass Spec probes
o ESR probes - spin of unpaired electrons can be detected using ESR spectroscopy
Small fluorescent probes are used to detect superoxide
o These include DCFH and hydroethidine
Hydroethidine can target mitochondria using MitoSOX
Free radicals can be stabilised using spin traps
o Spin traps covalently bind free radicals producing adducts that can be detected by
electron spin resonance
Cellular Respiration
Proton slip is a decrease in pumping efficiency due to partial and variable decoupling of
chemical reaction and proton transfer
Proton leak is when proton return to the matrix independently of ATP synthase
o Uncoupling proteins act as channels to let protons flow
Electron leak is the exit of electrons prior to the reduction of oxygen to water at cytochrome
C oxidase causing a production of superoxide
Electron slip is where electrons are transferred through respiratory complexes without
pumping protons into the intermembrane space
Fenton’s Reaction
In Fenton's reaction, the ferrous and/or ferric cation decomposes catalytically hydrogen
peroxide to generate powerful oxidizing agents
Capable of generating both hydroxyl radicals and higher oxidation states of iron causing free
radical damage
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