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SPCE 630 EXAM/187 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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SPCE 630 EXAM/187 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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SPCE 630 EXAM/187 QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS
What are the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement? - -Validity,
accuracy, and reliability.
-Describe validity in terms of one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy"
measurement. What does it measure? - -Requires 3 equally important
elements: (a) measuring directly a socially significant target behavior, (b)
measuring a dimension of the target behavior relevant to the question or
concern about the behavior and (c) ensuring that the data are representative
of the behavior's occurrence under conditions and during times that are
most relevant to the question or concern about the behavior.
-Describe accuracy in terms of one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy"
measurement. What does it measure? - -Refers to the extent to which the
observed value matches the true state or true value of the event as it exists
in nature. It must be determined if there is a measurement bias.
-Describe reliability in terms of one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy"
measurement. What does it measure? - -When measuring a procedure yields
the same outcome each time. It measures consistency of data collection.
-How do we ensure our data are valid, accurate, and reliable? - -
Researchers and practitioners who asses the accuracy of their data can (a)
determine early in an analysis whether the data re usable for making
experimental or treatment decisions, (b) discover and correct measurement
errors, (c) detect consistent patterns of measurement error that can lead to
the overall improvement or calibration of the measurement system, and (d)
communicate to others the relative trustworthiness of the data.
-What are some procedures that provide direct and indirect measurement? -
-Direct observation is an example of direct measurement and questionnaires
filled out by parents is an example of indirect measurement.
-Describe the difference between continuous recording and sampling
recording. Give examples of each, and advantages and disadvantages. How
do we do each type of recording? 106-107 - -Continuous recording is
considered the gold standard in applied behavior analysis as it continuously
records behaviors in a session. sampling recording differs as data is recorded
in samples or increments that have been predetermined. Sample recording
may be utilized when an observer is collecting data for multiple students at
one time.
, -Name the three threats to measurement accuracy and reliability. - -Human
error is the biggest threat to measurement accuracy and reliability. Factors
that contribute to human measurement error include poorly designed
measurement systems, inadequate observer training and expectations about
what the data should look like.
-poorly designed measurement systems - -An example would be an
unnecessarily cumbersome and difficult to use measurement system which
can create a needless loss of accuracy and reliability.
-inadequate observer training - -observers who are not trained enough.
Explicit and systematic training of observers i essential for the collection of
trustworthy data.
-unintended influences on observers - -Presuppositions an observer may
hold about the expected outcomes of the data and an observer's awareness
that others are measuring the same behavior.
-How do we maximize the quality of observers who are taking our data?
108-109 - -Provide a systematic approach that covers methods such as
sample vignettes, narrative descriptions, video sequences, role playing and
practice sessions int eh environment
-Describe how we assess the accuracy and reliability of data, including the
differences between obtained and true values of data. Describe how, if you
can, look at data and know whether those data are obtained or true or both?
110-11 - -calculate the correspondence of each measure, or datum, asses to
its true value. True values for many behaviors of interest to ABA are evident
and universally accepted or can be established conditionally by local context.
True values for some behaviors are difficult because the process for
determining a true value must be different from the measurement
procedures used to obtain the data one wishes to compare to the true value.
-Why is the interobserver agreement very important to measurement? - -To
determine the competence of new observers, detect observer drift, judge
whether the definition of the target behavior is clear and the system not too
difficult to use, and convince others of the relative believability of the data.
-List the requisites for obtaining valid IOA measures - -It requires that two or
more observers use the same observation code and measurement system,
observe and measure the same participants and events, and observer and
record the behavior independent of influence by other observers.
-If given some data, be able to calculate IOA using the preferred method of
doing so, based upon the type of measurement system used to collect those
data. If given a description of a target behavior and context, be able to select
, the best observational recording system to use to measure that behavior.
114-119 - -...
-Summarize the considerations in selecting, obtaining, and reporting IOA
information, including how often IOA should be collected and acceptable
levels of IOA - -IOA assessments should occur during each condition and
phase of a study and be distributed across days of the week, times of day,
settings and observers. 80% is the standard acceptable level of IOA.
-accuracy - -(of measurement) The extent to which observed values, the
data produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values,
of the event as it exists in nature.
-believability - -The extent to which the researcher convinces herself and
others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation. Measures of
interobserver agreement are the most often used index of this in applied
behavior analysis.
-calibration - -Any procedure used to evaluate the accuracy of a
measurement system and, when sources of error are found, to use that
information to correct or improve the measurement system.
-continuous measurement - -measurement conducted in a manner such
that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during
the observation period. Frequency recording, duration recording
-direct measurement - -Directly measure the behavior of interest rather
than measuring indicators of the behavior. (Frequency data on nail-biting
occurrences rather than checking nails periodically).
-discontinuous measurement - -Measurement conducted in a manner such
that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be
detected. Whole interval, partial interval, momentary time sampling
-exact count-per-interval IOA - -The percentage of total intervals in which
observers recorded the same count; the most stringent description of IOA for
most data sets obtained by event recording.
-indirect measurement - -Occurs when the behavior that is measured is in
some way different from the behavior of interest; considered less valid than
direct measurement because inferences about the relation between the data
obtained and the actual behavior of interest are required. (Checking nails
periodically to see if nail-biting has occurred rather than recording instances
of nail-biting observed)
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