Summary
INF1520 - Summary
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- University Of South Africa (Unisa)
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INF1520SUMMARY
,1 INTRODUCTION TO HUMANCOMPUTER
INTERACTION
Purpose:
• Enhance the quality of the interaction between human and machine and to systematically
apply knowledge about human purposes, capabilities, and limitations, as well as knowledge
about machine capabilities and limitations.
• To develop or improve productivity and the functionality, safety, utility, effectiveness,
efficiency, and usability of systems that includes computers (Preece et al., 2007)
Requires:
Requires the understanding
• Computer technology
• People who interact with the computer technology
• Design of interactive systems and interfaces that are usable
• Broader impact of computer technology on society and on our social, personal and working
environment
History:
• The term human-computer interaction (HCI) was adopted in the mid-1980s to denote a new
field of study concerned with studying and improving the effectiveness and efficiency of
computer use.
• The early history of computing can be traced back to the narrow aims of mathematicians,
logicians, and astronomers who had particular calculations that needed to be performed
• Persian astrologer Al-Kashi (1393-1449) built a device to calculate the conjunction of the
planets
• German mathematician, Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635) developed a much less
sophisticated tool to perform simple addition and subtraction.
• Blaise Pascal (1612-1662) was forced to replicate much of Schickard’s work but only
succeeded in building an even more simplified version of that machine
• Charles Babbage (1791-1871) was a British mathematician and inventor. Created Difference
Engine was designed to calculate a specific function (6th degree polynomials)
• Babbage’s second machine, the Analytical Engine, was a more general computer which used:
• Punched cards were used and became perhaps the first solution to a user interface problem.
,•
• Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) was recruited by the American census office to develop a
computational device to calculate general statistics
• These early attempts led to the foundation of the Computer-Tabulating-Recording Company
(1911).
• 914 Thomas J. Watson (Snr) joined the organization and built it into the International
Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
• The term ‘computer’ was originally used to describe the people who manually performed
these calculations in the early twentieth century
Alan Turing, an English logician and a founder of Computer Science, was employed to break
the German encryption techniques. This led to the development of the Colossus (1943) that
was perhaps the first truly interactive computer
• Many of the Colossus techniques were also introduced in the ENIAC machine (see Figure
1.2), the first all-electronic digital computer, produced around 1946 by J. W. Mauchly and J.
P. Eckert in the United States
• In 1945 Vannevar Bush, an electrical engineer in the USA, published his ‘As we may think’
article in Atlantic Monthly. This article was the starting point of Bush’s idea of the Memex
system
• The Memex was a device in which individuals could store all personal books, records, and
communications.
• 1957 IBM launched FORTRAN, one of the first high-level programming languages. FORTRAN
was based on algebra, grammar, and syntax rules, and became the most widely used
computer language for technical work.
• By the middle of the 1950s it became obvious that the computer could be used to
manipulate pictures as well as numbers and text.
• Ivan Sutherland who, in 1963, developed the SketchPad system at the MIT Lincoln
Laboratory. It was a sophisticated drawing package which introduced many of the concepts
found in today’s interfaces.
• Two of the most dominant influences are Doug Engelbart and Ted Nelson. Used concept of
the Memex system and elaborated on it.
• turning points in the development of computers that would allow it to become available to
the man in the street occurred in the middle 1970s
• Apple Company was founded by Steve Jobs and Steven Wozniak in 1976. Produced a series
of kit machines.
• Before the 1980s, personal computers were only used by enthusiasts. They were sold in kits
and were distributed through magazines and electronic shops.
• Their user population consisted almost entirely of experts. They understood the underlying
hardware and software mechanisms because they had built most of it
• In 1981, IBM introduced their first PC.
• As a result, ‘casual users’ began to appear for the first time.
, • (GUI) had its roots in the 1950s it was not developed until the 1970s when a group at the
Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre (PARC) developed the Alto, a GUI-based computer.
• Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland coined the term ‘direct manipulation’ in
1982 and introduced the psychological foundations of computer use.
• Apple has experimented beyond pure functionality as far as the aesthetics of their machines
is concerned.
Internet:
• Early in 1962, Rand Corporation, one of America’s leading military suppliers created solution
(called ARPANET) was to grow into the Internet – a highly connected network of computer
systems.
• Two major developments built on the Internet: e-mail & WWW & social networks.
• Until the late 1980s the growth in electronic mail was largely restricted to academic
communities.
• WWW grew from the National Centre for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA), University of
Illinois and from CERN.
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