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Samenvatting deel 3-5
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Volledige samenvatting van deel 3 tot en met deel 5.
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Immunology course 7
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Samenvatting hoofdstuk 1
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Samenvatting hoofdstuk 2
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Part III, IV en VImmunology
Cara Mestdag
[Bedrijfsnaam]
Part III, IV en V
,Inhoud
Lymphopoiesis: The development of B and T lymphocytes .............................................................................. 3
B cell development ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Development of T lymphocytes ..................................................................................................................... 7
T cell-mediated immunity .................................................................................................................................. 9
The adaptive immune response .................................................................................................................... 9
Secondary lymphoid tissues serve as anatomic crossroads for interactions of antigens and lymphocytes.
...................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Lymphocyte entry into the lymph node ...................................................................................................... 12
Antigen-presenting cells .............................................................................................................................. 13
Priming of naive T cells by pathogen-activated dendritic cells .................................................................... 16
Effector T cellen............................................................................................................................................ 18
The humoral immune respons ......................................................................................................................... 22
B cell activation by antigen and helper T cells ............................................................................................. 22
Signalen van BCR en TFH of Ag ................................................................................................................ 22
Gekoppelde herkenning (linked recognition) .......................................................................................... 23
Vaccinproductie ....................................................................................................................................... 24
B-cel - Ag-ontmoeting .............................................................................................................................. 24
Differentiatie van naïeve B-cellen ............................................................................................................ 25
Fase 2: geactiveerde B-cellen vormen GC in lymfoïde weefsels .............................................................. 26
Somatische hypermutatie ........................................................................................................................ 27
Klassewissel .............................................................................................................................................. 27
Thymus onafhankelijk Ag ......................................................................................................................... 29
De distributie en functie van Ig-klassen ....................................................................................................... 31
Ab en complement....................................................................................................................................... 33
Innate-adaptive immunity ............................................................................................................................... 36
Verloop van een typische acute infectie .................................................................................................. 37
Integratie van immuniteit als reactie op specifieke pathogenen ................................................................ 37
Fasen van infectie..................................................................................................................................... 37
Groep van pathogenen - verschillende infectieplaatsen ......................................................................... 38
Effector T-cellen verbeteren de effectorfucties van aangeboren immuuncellen ........................................ 39
T-cellen voor infectie - door veranderingen in expressie van chemokine-receptoren en
adhesiemoleculen .................................................................................................................................... 39
Lymfocyten steken de wand van endotheelvenulen over naar lymfoïde weefsels ................................. 40
Type 1 immunity ...................................................................................................................................... 40
, Type 2-immuniteit .................................................................................................................................... 42
Type 3-immuniteit .................................................................................................................................... 44
Pathogens in different compartments of the body – different adaptive immune response ................... 46
Immunologisch geheugen ............................................................................................................................ 47
The Barrier Immune system ............................................................................................................................. 51
Natuur en structuur van het mucosale immuunsysteem (MALT) ................................................................ 51
Darm......................................................................................................................................................... 51
Darm-geassocieerde lymfoïde weefsels (GALT) ....................................................................................... 52
Allergieën ..................................................................................................................................................... 54
Hypersensitiviteitsreactie ........................................................................................................................ 55
Toediening van allergenen ....................................................................................................................... 56
Allergische reacties .................................................................................................................................. 56
Benaderingen voor de behandeling van allergie ..................................................................................... 57
Auto-immunity ............................................................................................................................................. 57
Specifieke adaptieve immuunrespons op zelf-antigeen kan auto-immuunziekte veroorzaken. ............. 58
AID is het meest consistent geassocieerd met het MHC-genotype......................................................... 58
AID versus overgevoeligheidsreacties ...................................................................................................... 58
Systemische lupus erythematosus (SLE) .................................................................................................. 58
Orgaanspecifieke auto-immuunziekte ..................................................................................................... 59
, Lymphopoiesis: The development of B and T lymphocytes
From multipotent hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow
B cell development
<hematopoietic stem cell → multipotent progenitor cells → common lymphoid progenitor → early pro- B
cell →late pro-B cell → large pre-B cell→ small pre-B cell → immature B cell → mature B cell
• De ontwikkeling van B-cell lymphocyten begint bij hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in het beenmerg.
Deze HSC differentiëren tot multipotent progenitor cells, gevolgd door verdere differentiatie naar
common lymphoid progenitors (CLP). Belangrijk in deze vroege stadia is de interactie van
lymfocyten voorlopercellen met niet-lymfatische stromale cellen in het beenmerg. Lymfocyte
voorlopercellen hechten zich aan een ligand (molecuul dat bindt aan een ander molecuul) op het
oppervlak van stromale cellen via hun FLT3-tyrosinekinasereceptor. Deze interactie is van belang
voor het starten v/d B-celontwikkeling.
• Na de CLP-fase ondergaan de cellen differentiatie, wat leidt tot de vorming van early pro-B cell,
waarbij transcriptiefactoren zoals Ikaros, PU.1, E2A, EBF en Pax5 worden geactiveerd. Cell adhesion
molecules en stromale cellen die interleukine 7 (IL-7) produceren, spelen cruciale rollen in dit
proces.
• De ontwikkeling gaat verder via de stadia van late pro-B cell, large pre-B cell, small pre-B cell, tot de
vorming van immature B cells. In deze fasen vindt genherschikking plaats. E2A en EBF
(transcriptiefactors) initiëren de genherschikking en het proces zelf wordt gereguleerd door
signaalmoleculen en tyrosinekinasereceptoren. Pax5 blijkt cruciaal te zijn, omdat het de
differentiatie naar B-cellen bevordert, terwijl afwezigheid erv/d ontwikkeling naar T-cellen mogelijk
maakt.
• De ontwikkeling van B-cellen omvat ook het cruciale proces van receptor editing, waarbij
zelfreactieve B-cellen hun antigeen specificiteit kunnen wijzigen. Dit vindt plaats in het beenmerg
als onderdeel van centrale tolerantie.
• Twee invariante eiwitten worden ook geproduceerd als onderdeel v/d B-celreceptor: Igα en Igβ, die
intracellulair signalen naar de B-cel overbrengen via tyrosinekinase om de herschikking v/d zware
keten te stoppen en de proliferatie te beëindigen. De pre-B-cel wordt gevoelig voor IL-7 afkomstig
van stromacellen.
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