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[PPL] Navigation exam questions and answers
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[PPL]Navigation
exam
questions
and
answers
Measures
around
the
Earth
(4+2)
-
ANSWER---longitude:
meridians
-latitude:
parallels
-rhumb
lines:
constant
direction,
cutting
every
meridian
at
the
same
angle
-great
circles:
shortest
path
across
the
surface
between
the
2
places
(don't
cut
meridians
at
same
angle)
-Equator
and
Greenwich
(prime
meridian)
-
magnetic
meridians
(rarely
straight)
Isogonal
and
magnetic
variation
-
ANSWER--Isogonal:
magnetic
variation
at
any
point
Magnetic
variation:
difference
between
true
north
and
direction
of
the
earth's
magnetic
field
(2deg
W-->
15deg
E)
East
and
West
Magnetic
Variations
-
ANSWER--East
is
Least
(10deg
E
variation:
-10degs
M)
West
is
Best
(10deg
W
variation:
+10degs
M)
Compass
Swing
and
Deviation
-
ANSWER--CS:
checking
each
aircraft
individually
for
deviation
on
various
headings
(recorded
on
Deviation
Card)
Deviation:
altered
compass
reading
due
to
interference
from
cockpit
Distance
based
on
coordinates
-
ANSWER--1min
latitude=
1nm
Finding
the
TAS
with
CAS,
pressure
height
and
OAT
(wizz
wheel)
(3)
-
ANSWER--1.
Line
up
PH
(units
in
thousands)
with
OAT
2.
Find
CAS
on
inner
wheel
(=IAS
on
light
aircraft)
3.
Appropriate
TAS
is
on
outer
wheel
Finding
the
EET
with
GS
and
distance
(3)
-
ANSWER--1.
Line
up
arrow
head
with
GS
2.
Find
distance
on
same
scale
3.
Appropriate
time
is
on
inner
wheel
Finding
the
GS
with
ETT
and
distance
(2)
-
ANSWER--1.
Line
up
distance
(outer)
with
ETT
(inner)
2.
Arrow
head
will
be
pointing
to
GS
Finding
the
CAS
that
allows
the
plane
to
cover
a
distance
in
a
certain
time,
at
a
particular
altitude
and
OAT
(5)
-
ANSWER--1.
Line
up
distance
(outer)
with
time
(inner)
2.
Arrow
head
will
be
pointing
to
GS 3.
Deduct/Add
wind
to
find
TAS
4.
Line
up
altitude
with
temp
5.
Find
above
TAS
and
line
up
with
CAS
Finding
the
fuel
usage
with
EET
and
fuel
flow
during
cruise
(3)
-
ANSWER--1.
Point
arrow
head
to
Fuel
flow
(gallons
or
litres)
2.
Find
EET
on
inner
wheel
3.
Will
correspond
to
fuel
usage
for
that
time
(outer
wheel)
Fuel
calculations
for
a
flight
(4)
-
ANSWER--1.
Fuel
usage
for
a
particular
distance
and
EET
2.
Fixed
reserve
45mins
(.75x
fuel
flow)
3.
Taxi
and
run-up
(2L)
4.
Variable
reserve
(15%
of
flight
fuel)
Fuel
margin
-
ANSWER--Fuel
carried
over
the
minimum
fuel
Find
the
safe
endurance
(3)
-
ANSWER--1.
Total
fuel
carried
2.
Deduct
reserves
3.
Calculate
safe
endurance
based
on
fuel
flow
(wizz
wheel)
The
Point
of
No
Return
(and
relationship
to
wind)
(2)
-
ANSWER--Maximum
distance
an
aircraft
can
proceed
in
a
given
direction
before
it
becomes
impossible
for
it
to
return
with
all
fuel
reserves
intact
-
ANY
wind
will
reduce
the
distance
to
the
PNR
Calculating
time
to
point
of
no
return
(PNR)
't'
-
ANSWER--[Safe
Endurance
(mins)
x
GS
(H:
to
home)]
/
2
x
TAS
Calculating
distance
of
PNR
from
base
-
ANSWER--Based
on
fuel
flow
and
point
of
no
return,
find
using
the
wizz
wheel
The
Equitime/Critical
Point
and
emergencies
-
ANSWER--The
point
along
the
route
segment
where
it
would
take
the
same
time
to
return
home
as
to
continue
on
to
destination.
If
an
emergency
arises
before
the
ETP,
return
home.
If
an
emergency
arises
after
the
ETP,
proceed
on.
ETP
and
wind
-
ANSWER--Will
be
halfway
in
no
wind
Will
always
move
into
headwind
Finding
the
Distance
to
ETP
-
ANSWER--Total
distance
x
GS(H)
/
2
x
TAS
Sun
movement
and
time
-
ANSWER--1
time
per
24hrs
(360degs
in
24hrs)
15degs
per
1hr
1deg
per
4mins
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