This document entails a thorough timeline of the IEB History Topic: Independent Africa. This includes chronological notes on Congo, Tanzania & Angola.
Using these notes, I achieved a Top 5% National ranking in the 2023 final examinations, with a History average of 88%.
Date Events
1932 – 1968 Dr Antonio de Olivera Salazar, the Prime Minister of Portugal.
1954 Nationalists, led by Julius Nyerere formed the TANU.
Nyerere president of TANU.
1958 Former trade union organiser, Patrice Lumumba, founded
Mouvement National Congollias (MNC) -> Congo’s 1 st national
party.
1959 Only 3 Congolese held positions in civil service; Belgians
occupied 4872 positions.
1960 Mutiny in the Congo -> Congolese soldiers against Belgian
officials.
Elections: MNC under Lumumba: 33 seats.
Abako Party under Kasavubu: 17 seats
Coalition Govt established which fails: Lumumba joins with 25
smaller parties to form govt.
Katanga and Kasai declare their independence.
By 1960, TANU was the leading party in Tanganyika +
petitioned the British government for independence.
Early 1960s Verses + novels of African writers began to make mark in
many countries -> could now learn about their continent + rest
of world. -> Revolution in education.
1960s Civil service ballooned in size in 1960s/overstaffed.
number of white people in Angola doubled to 335 000
During 1960s + 70s, US had military bases in Portugal + in
Azores.
Late 1960s: US concerned about MPLA -> Strongest
nationalist group in Angola.
In 1960s, China gave political + military support to the MPLA
Jan 1960 Round table conference in Brussels with Lumumba, Kasavubu
+ Tshombe
June 1960 Independence granted to Congo -> after free multi-party
elections (30 June).
Lumumba becomes 1st Prime Minister w/ Joseph Kasavubu as
President.
July 1960 Katanga seceded from the new republic.
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, Auerello Matthaeus Pillay History 12 – Mrs Harvey
Congolese army mutinied.
Moise Tshombe, founder of Conakat party, declared Katanga
province independent.
Belgium + UN send troops into Congo.
ONUC forces arrive and there are 20 000
Dag Hammarskjold flies into Congo
14 Sep 1960 Lumumba deposed by Mobutu
Sep 1960 Pres. Kasavubu dismisses Lumumba as PM, after Lumumba
asks USSR for logistical support against breakaway provinces
(Katanga + S Kasai).
Lumumba under house arrest but escapes to Stanleyville.
Prime Minister Lumumba jailed
December 1960 Lumumba arrested in Port Francqui + flown to Leopodville.
1961 Regional rivalries among political parties.
Soldiers from the Force Publique revolt against the Belgians in
all forms.
Tanganyika attained independence.
1961 tensions reached crisis point -> group of rebels attacked
prisons + police stations in Luanda. Cotton workers took on
gov officials + Catholic missionaries.
1961 uprisings -> 40000 Africans dead + 400 Europeans.
Baixa de Cassanje revolt:
Angolans attacked Portuguese settlements and plantations.
Colonial authorities struggled to regain control.
Beginning of Angolan war of liberation.
January 1961 Lumumba flown to Elizabethville (Katanga) + held there bound
+ gagged.
Lumumba tortured + murdered by firing squad -> organised by
Tshombe, under Belgian guidance.
17 Jan 1961 Lumumba shot dead by firing squad, reportedly in presence of
Belgian officers + Tshombe.
1961 – 1965 Regional rivalries (ethnic rivalry) among political parties made
it difficult for national gov to function effectively.
1962 Nyerere became 1st president of Tanzania.
Passed the Preventative Detention Act -> lost foreign aid +
diplomatic relations w/ Britain between 1965 – 1968.
1963 Katanga reunited with the rest of Congo.
Katanga’s secession is ended and reunited with Congo.
Zanzibar attained Independence.
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