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Evolutionary explanations of relationships (sexual selection) 16 mark essay (Psychology - AQA )
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Example essay for relationships - 16/16 mark given. Psychology - AQA .
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Describe and evaluate evolutonarr explanatons of partner preference [16]Sexual selectio s ao evilutioaar explaoatio io paatoea paeoeaeoce o wh ch ata iutes ocaeas og
aepaiductve success aae passed io ti geoeaatios io ifspa og. It expla os hiw sime chaaactea stcs
mar actuallr ie ao advaotage o humao aepaiductve iehav iua due ti ataactio ti piteotal mates
ia advaotage ivea cimpettias.
Ao sigamr s the d feaeoces ietweeo male aod oemale sex cells wh ch plar a aile o mate
paeoeaeoce. Male gametes – speam – cao ie caeated o ciotouius vast oumieas aod aequ aes l tle
eoeagr ti caeate. Female Gametes – iva/eggs – aae paiduced o small oumieas at oteavals oia a
l m ted pea id dua og oeatle reaas aod aequ ae a huge ovestmeot io eoeagr. Th s suggests that oeatle
wimeo aae aaae ‘aesiuaces’ aod cao expla o hiw ther aae chiis ea thao males wheo t cimes ti
p ck og a paatoea oia aepaiductio. Ao sigamr has lead ti twi trpes io sexual selectio.
A staeogth io ao sigamr s that theae s aeseaach suppiat shiw og that mate paeoeaeoces cao aesult
oaim t. Buss (1989) cioducted a suaver io 1000 peiple o 33 d feaeot ciuota es aod oiuod that
oemales paeoea males w th gaeatea aesiuace aelated chaaactea stcs aod males liik oia wimeo w th
aepaiductve capac tr. These fod ogs theaeoiae suppiat the theia es paed ctios aiiut paatoea
paeoeaeoce dea v og oaim sexual selectio. Fuatheamiae, the fod ogs cao ie appl ed acaiss d feaeot
cultuaes – suggestog that mate paeoeaeoce due ti sexual selectio s oit depeodeot io cultuaal
oflueoces.
The fast ie og Iotea-ssexual selectio, th s iccuas ietweeo the sexes aod s the oemales paeoeaaed
staategr. It s wheo a sex evilves paeoeaeoces oia des aaile qual tes o piteotal mates. Fia oemales,
qual tr ivea quaottr s mist mpiataot – a ft male s the paeoeaeoce ti g ve the ifspa og a ietea
chaoce io suav val. Ta veas (1972) paipised the paaeotal ovestmeot theiar wh ch emphas ses that
meo aod wimeo have d feaeot levels io ovestmeot o ifspa og. Females make a gaeatea ovestmeot
io tme, cimm tmeot aod ithea aesiuaces (laage pae aod pist-soatal ciota iutio), theaeoiae, the
ciosequeoces aae miae seveae o ther chiise a suistaodaad paatoea, si t pars oia them ti ie
chiisr. Leav og males cimpetog oia the ippiatuo tr ti mate oia them. Hiwevea, ee must ie caaeoul
wheo geoeaal s og stud es oti oemale mate paeoeaeoces aod mist ifeo ther aae caaa ed iut io
oemale uodeagaaduate studeots wh ch s a small age aaoge that has l m ted appl catio ti the w dea
oemale pipulatio (Bullea (2005)).
A staeogth io Iotea-ssexual selectio s that theae s suppiat that oemales aae chiis ea. Claak aod
Hatf eld (1989) cioducted the ‘I have oitced riu aaiuod’ studr, o wh ch ther had a mao aod a
wimao walk aaiuod a uo veas tr campus aod ask memieas io the ippis te sex o ther wiuld sleep
w th them that o ght. Ni oemales agaeed ti sleep w th the mao iut 75% io males mmed atelr
agaeed ti the aequest. Th s shiws that oemales wiuld oit have sex w th just aorioe iut males weae
oit oflueoced ir the oact that she was a staaogea. Theaeoiae, shiw og that oemales aae chiis ea
thao males wheo t cimes ti sexual selectio aod that chiis oess s a aeal tr io oemales o
heteaisexual ciuples. Fuatheamiae, t alsi shiws that meo have evilved staateg es ti eosuae
aepaiductve success – sleep og w th as maor wimeo as piss ile. Hiwevea, th s studr was
cioducted o ioe uo veas tr o Amea ca wh ch meaos ts geoeaal sai l tr s piia aod cultuae/sic al
oflueoces w th o that ioe eesteao cultuae mar have cioiuoded the aesults aeduc og the exteaoal
val d tr.
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