GMS 6552 Exam 2 Questions and Answers 100% Correct!
24 views 1 purchase
Course
GMS 6552
Institution
GMS 6552
Oncogene - ANSWER-A gene that causes or contributes to the development of cancer
Hallmarks of Cancer - ANSWER-Sustaining proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
In vi...
GMS 6552 Exam 2 Questions and Answers 100% Correct!
Oncogene - ANSWER-A gene that causes or contributes to the development of cancer
Hallmarks of Cancer - ANSWER-Sustaining proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
In vivo oncogenic evidence - ANSWER-Cause cancer when activated in a transgenic animal
Render nontumorigenic cells tumorigenic
Knock down or knock out in tumorigenic cells renders the cells nontumorigenic
Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated with human cancer
In vitro oncogenic evidence - ANSWER-Causes anchorage-independent growth in soft agar (protection from anoikis)
Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)
Renders cell growth factor independent
Oncogenes in Cancer - ANSWER-Aberrant expression of proto-oncogenes that increases cell proliferation/survival
First identified in cancer-causing viruses
Typically a dominant mechanism
Oncogene activation is usually limited to somatic tissue, but more cases of inherited oncogene mutations are being found
Biochemical functions of oncogenes - ANSWER-G-proteins (Ras)
Protein Kinases (Raf, Akt)
Lipid Kinases (PI3-Kinase)
Transcription Factors (Myc)
Binding and inactivating apoptotic proteins (BCL2)
Protein Kinase regulatory subunits (Cyclins A, E, D)
Transcriptional coactivators (B-Catenin, YAP, TAZ)
Five Ways to Activate Oncogenes - ANSWER-1. Mutation of gene to make it overactive
2. Amplification of a normal gene
3. Chromosomal Rearrangement
4. Promoter/enhancer insertion
5. Hypomethylation of oncogene Amplification - ANSWER-Multiple gene copies = too much transcript and protein
DNA sequencing, DNA-PCR
RNA sequencing, RNA-PCR
Protein: Western
Chromosomal Rearrangement - ANSWER-Affects regulatory region of oncogene
Cytogenetics
PCR using primers
Promoter/Enhancer Insertion - ANSWER-From retroviral integration near oncogene
Gene expression activated from the viral promoter
Should activate oncogenes or disrupt tumor suppressors
Can find new genes
Hypomethylation of Oncogenes - ANSWER-Ex. N-ras is activated in liver cancer due to under-methylated promoter, allowing gene expression
Directly measure methylation using methyl-sensitive restriction enzyme/genomic DNA,, bisulfite genomic sequencing, or methylation specific PCR
measure RNA/protein level
Oncogenes in medical practice - ANSWER-Specific diagnosis, sub-classification of tumor type, and/or prognosis can be based on certain gene involvement
EGFR Inhibitors - ANSWER-Sustaining proliferative signaling
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors - ANSWER-evading growth suppressors
Immune activating anti-CTLA4 mAb - ANSWER-avoiding immune destruction
Telomerase inhibitors - ANSWER-enabling replicative immortality
Selective anti-inflammatory drugs - ANSWER-Tumor-promoting inflammation
Inhibitors of HGF/c-Met - ANSWER-activating invasion and metastasis
Inhibitors of VEGF signaling - ANSWER-Inducing angiogenesis
PARP inhibitors - ANSWER-Genome instability and mutation
Proapoptotic BH3 mimetics - ANSWER-resisting cell death
Aerobic glycolysis inhibitors - ANSWER-deregulating cellular energetics
Cellular function of c-Myc - ANSWER-Expression of pro-proliferative genes
Expression of pro-apoptotic genes
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller papersmaster01. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for R240,94. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
