Class notes
Lecture notes fundemental bioscience (ZOO1XA1)
- Institution
- University Of Johannesburg (UJ)
The lecture slides are easy to use and easy to understand
[Show more]
Content preview
Chapter 1 study guideDefinitions
Metabolism: All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
Homeostasis: Keeping internal conditions stable despite changes in the external
environment.
Emergent property: A property that appears at a certain level of organisation that is not
present at lower levels of organisation.
Prokaryotes: Organisms with cells that lack nuclei.
Eukaryotes: Organisms with cells that contain nuclei.
DNA: The material that carries genetic information.
Double helix: The shape of a DNA stand. Formed by two chains of nucleotides
joined at base pairs and twisted together.
Nucleotides: The basic building blocks (monomers) of DNA.
Gene: A strand of DNA that contains instructions for a single protein.
Chromosome: A large molecule containing a single strand of DNA and supporting
proteins.
Taxonomy: The scientific study of naming and classifying species into a system of
broader and broader groups.
Evolution: The gradual change in a population or species over many generations
due to natural selection.
Mutation: The creation of new genes due to errors in DNA replication.
Natural selection: The favouring of certain traits over others by the living and non-living
environment.
Theory: A well-tested explanation of how a system works, supported by a
large body of evidence.
Hypothesis: An idea that can be tested by experiments.
Prediction: A statement of what is expected to happen in an experiment.
Quantitative data: Numerical information
Qualitative data: Descriptive information
Control group: A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment being
tested.
Experimental group: A group in an experiment that does receive the treatment being
tested.
Positive control: A test in an experiment that you know will come out positive if the
test works correctly.
Negative control: A test in an experiment that you know will come out negative if the
test works correctly.
Variable: Anything that can change in an experiment.
Independent variable: A variable that is not affected by other variables, but affects the
dependent variable. This is usually adjusted by the experimenter.
, Dependent variable: A variable that is affected by (dependent on) the independent
variable. This is usually measured by the experimenter for the results.
Controlled variables: All other variables that could affect the dependent variable.
Controlled variables are kept constant so that they do not affect the
results of an experiment.
Experiment: A carefully controlled test in which the effect of an independent
variable on a dependent variable is determined.
The 7 properties of living systems
1. Order: All living things are made up of organised parts.
2. Reproduction: All living things can produce more of their own species.
3. Growth & development: All living things grow and mature.
4. Energy processing: All living things need energy to fuel their metabolism.
5. Response to environment: All living things respond to external stimuli.
6. Regulation of internal environment: All living things keep their inside conditions
suitable for their metabolic reactions.
7. Evolutionary adaptation: All living species can evolve over many generations to
better suit their environment.
The 11 levels of organisation in biology
1. Biosphere: All life on earth.
2. Ecosystem: All the organisms in an area and the non-living environment.
3. Community: All the organisms in an area.
4. Population: All individuals of a species in an area.
5. Organism: A single individual living thing.
6. Organ system: A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
7. Organ: A structure made of different tissue types that performs a specific function.
8. Tissue: A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.
9. Cell: The basic unit of life.
10. Organelle: A membrane bound structure that performs a specific function within a
cell.
11. Molecule: A group of atoms held together by chemical bonds.
An emergent property is a property that appears at a certain level of organisation that is not
present at lower levels of organisation.
These properties emerge from the arrangement and interactions of the parts within a
system.
e.g.: The property of life emerges at the level of the cell. (This relates to the idea of cells as
the basic building blocks of life.)
Cell Theory: All living organisms are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic building blocks of life.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller oratilemusi3. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for R133,00. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
53068 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy summaries for 14 years now