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flg 327 summary
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Exam NotesThursday, 21 June 2018 9:56 AM
Exam total marks: 100
- No MCQ questions, only written questions
- Prof du Toit - 10 marks
NB topics - cranial nerves,
neuro plasticity - definition, types and their definition
neuron cells and somatic cells and the structural and functional differences.
Neurotransmitters and functions
Brain functions
- Mr Kleynhans - 30 marks
Autoimmune diseases,
activation of different cell types
Differences between chronic and acute insomnia, chronic sleep deprivation vs chronic
insomnia and undisturbed sleep
Distribution of wbc and cytokines - the patterns
- Ms Hlophe - 30 marks
Cancer cells
HIV- different components on HIV
Schizophrenia - long term potentiation - memory
- Prof Millar - 30 marks
Stress diagram
Acute vs chronic
Diseases - Cushing's disease
Monitoring tests
Section A
Compare sym and parasym neurons with respect to receptors , length, funtion. 10
Section B
1. Hiv cycle 10
2. The hiv cycle and ART
3. evidence of stress on viral oncogenesis 8
4. warburg 5
5. second messenger signalling??
Section C
1 Stress
1.1 cortisol 12
1.2 adrenaline 8
2. Stress effects on growth hormone , thyroid, reproductiom, immune system 5
3. stress and adrenaline effects on carb, protein, fat 5
Section D
1. 6 functions of antibodies 6
2. properties of adaptive immune system
3. chronic sleep dep factors 6
4. Criteria for primary insomnia and therapy 8
5. wbc counts in undisturbed sleep
FLG 327 Page 1
, Neuro & Immunity
Tuesday, 19 June 2018 8:04 AM
Neuroscience:
The brain is +/- 3 pounds (1.361 kgs) which is 2 % of total body weight and shrinks 2 % every 10 years from early
adulthood :
New-born = 25% of adult size
2 year old = 75% of adult size
10 year old = 95% of adult size
Brain resources : 25% of energy used is from oxygen which passes through the blood brain barrier freely. 15% of
blood pumped by the heart
There are approximately 86 billion cells in the brain, 16 billion in the cerebral cortex. Signals are transmitted up and
down neuron cells at 290 km/hr
The brain is a movement specialist:
1. prefrontal cortex plans movement
2. Motor cortex organises movement sequences
3. Motor cortex produces specific movements
The medulla, pons and cerebellum are known as the survival brain
The amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus, basal ganglia and hypothalamus are the emotional sections of the brain
The 4 cerebral lobes are the decision makers - the cognitive brain
1. Perception - helps make sense of sensations. Brings
information from within or outside the body to the central
nervous system. It monitors light, sound intensities,
temperature and oxygen levels.
Sensory systems - vision, hearing and proprioception - vision is
one of the most important senses used to gather information
2. Decision making - can be influenced by:
a. Perceptual information
b. Confidence level
c. Previous success/failure stored in memory
d. State of game/activity feedback system surrounding the individual - can be continuous or terminal
Short term memory - information is lost when not rehearsed. Repeated rehearsing influences the learning of visual
and motor skills - remembers what was done in previous exercise and compares it with the current performance
Long term memory - permanent store of information through rehearsal or practice. Compares past and new stimuli
with each other
Visual pathways in motor control - is the integration of information in the somatosensory cortex
a. Information is registered on the eye's retina
b. It travels to the back of the head along the optic nerve and radiations to the occipital lobe
c. Occipital cortex - visual information is registered as billions of features
d. Information races in parallel to both dorsal (parietal cortex) and ventral (temporal areas)
e. Information goes to the frontal cortex where goals and plans are formulated for the specific event
f. Information then goes to the premotor and motor cortex - spinal cord effectors
3. Response - the skilled performer is supposed not to only perform the skill but to decide the correct response in each
individual situation. Motor functions are then used to act on the decisions ; the motor functions employ peripheral
neurons to carry impulses to structures ( effectors) - from the CNS to skeletal muscles via the corticospinal tract
FLG 327 Page 2
, Functional areas of the cerebral cortex:
The cerebral cortex contains sensory areas for perceptions, motor areas that direct movement and association areas
that integrates information
1. Frontal lobe - co-ordinates information from other association areas and controls some behaviours
a. Prefrontal association area
b. Skeletal muscle movement - involves the primary motor cortex and the motor association area
(premotor cortex)
2. Parietal lobe - sensory information from skin, musculoskeletal system, viscera and taste buds
a. Primary somatic sensory cortex
b. Sensory association area
3. Occipital lobe - vision
a. Visual association area
b. Visual cortex
4. Temporal Lobe - hearing
a. auditory cortex
b. Auditory association area
Locations at which the 12 cranial nerves enter or exit the brain and their functions:
Number Name Type Function
I Olfactory Sensory Nose
II optic sensory eyes
III oculomotor motor Eye movement and pupil constriction
IV trochlear motor Eye movement
V trigeminal both Sensory info from face and mouth, motor signals for chewing
VI abducens motor Eye movement
VII Facial both Taste , efferent signals for tears and salivary glands, facial expression
VIII vestibulocochlear Sensory Hearing and equilibrium
IX glossopharyngeal both Oral cavity, baro and chemo receptors, swallowing and gland secretions
X vagus both Internal organs, glands and muscles
XI Spinal accessory motor Oral cavity, neck and shoulder
XII Hypoglossal motor Tongue muscles
The limbic system includes the amygdala, hippocampus and cingulate gyrus. Anatomically the limbic system is part
of the grey matter of the cerebrum.
1. The cingulate gyrus - plays a role in emotion
2. Hippocampus - involved in learning and memory
3. Amygdala - involved in emotion and memory
Areas involved in:
a. Speaking a written word: read words - visual cortex - Wernicke's area - Broca's area - motor cortex
b. Speaking a heard word: hear words - auditory cortex - Wernicke's area - Broca's area - Motor cortex
Examples of:
An underperforming brain - alien hand syndrome; problems to understand, express, shape and form words
An over performing brain - ADHD
Depression is as a result of a malfunctioning hippocampus
Symptoms of over training or being overworked:
1. Decrease in performance
2. Loss of body weight
3. Increased number of infections
4. Chronic fatigue
5. Psychological stress
FLG 327 Page 3
, 5. Psychological stress
6. Elevated heart rate and blood lactate levels during exercise
The brain is highly adaptable:
Neuroplasticity - refers to the ability of the brain to change specific structures and add new neurons to neural
pathways and increase the amount of synapses in the brain-network to adapt to changes in the environment
Types of neuroplasticity :
a. Developmental: immature brain is shaped by early life experiences
b. Activity dependant: induced by intensively practicing a certain skill (cognitive)
c. Aerobic: prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
d. Specific skill: motor cortex
e. Endurance: motor cortex
f. Strength: increase in recruitment of spinal motor neurons
g. Injury induced: balance of activity in the brain being changed as a result of trauma
The brain can make either chemical structural or functional adaptions
Synaptogenesis - human brain undergoes change continually; continued stimulation between neurons causes
neurotransmitters to become more efficient
Neurogenesis: birth of new neurons ; most active region is the hippocampus
Performance
Performance requires efficient integration of all sources of information/ knowledge (technical training and tactical
decision training)
Performance markers:
1. Performance - oxygen saturation
2. Wellness - pain
3. Body mass - resting heart rate
4. Sleep - hydration
5. Energy level - mood state
Factors affecting performance
1. Diet - carbohydrates ; water intake
2. CNS function - arousal; motivation
3. Strength/skills - practice ; natural endowment, body type and muscle fibre type
4. Environment - altitude; heat; humidity
5. Energy production - anaerobic sources (pc and glycolysis) ; aerobic sources = VO2 max, cardiac output O2 delivery
and extraction, mitochondria
Sleep - reversible behavioural state where person is disengaged from reality and deemed unresponsive to external
stimuli created by surrounding environment. Involves to states - REM and NREM. The brain cycles between these
two states in a sleep cycle
Obstructive Sleep Apnea - complete cessation (lasting 10 seconds) of breathing during sleep resulting in decrease in
O2-Hb saturation which leads to over-activity of SNS
Hypopnea: partial cessation
Symptoms : fatigue, excessive daytime sleepiness, depression, morning headaches.
It can lead to hypertension, diabetes, depression and heart failure. Common risk factors are obesity, insulin
resistance and age above 50
There is a strong correlation with metabolic syndrome - contributing factors to MS - Hypertension; obesity ; insulin
resistance and high blood glucose and cholesterol
Performance vs health - improving performance requires more physical activity than the amount needed to obtain
health benefits
The impact of cognitive functioning are:
• Enhanced performance
• Increases alertness and mental processes
• Reduces stress
• Raises energy levels
• Improves memory
• Lowers stress levels
FLG 327 Page 4
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