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NR 507 FINAL EXAM/NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LATEST UPDATE 2024 WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS|ALREADY GRADED A+(BRAND NEW!)R437,22
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NR 507 FINAL EXAM/NR507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LATEST UPDATE 2024 WITH
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS|ALREADY GRADED A+(BRAND NEW!)
Spondylolysis - ANSWER-structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or
developmental defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral
arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior structures).
The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - ANSWER-Parietal lobe- major
area for somatic sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus.
which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral
gyrus forming the primary voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little
man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and
motor
,Dermatomes - ANSWER-area of the skin that is mainly supplied by
branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory
nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their branches
reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - ANSWER-Acetylcholine- Excitatory
or inhibitory- alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors).
parkinson disease
Ischemic penumbra - ANSWER-ischemic but not infarcted
(salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction - ANSWER-ischemic- white infarct (affected area is
pale and soft 6-12 hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue.
necrosis resolves around the 2nd week. glial scarring.
excitotoxins - ANSWER-Toxins (usually amino acids) that
overstimulate glutamate release and cause neuron suicide.
,Agnosia - ANSWER-the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body,
sides and #s)- L angular gyrus (Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANSWER-Bleeding into the subarachnoid
space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats
nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis - ANSWER-Bacterial- Meningococcus and S.
pneumococcus bacteria are most common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
Prostate cancer prevention - ANSWER--Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system - ANSWER-- Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
, -Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention,
hydronephrosis, renal insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - ANSWER-- fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - ANSWER--Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and
HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
Cushing's disease - ANSWER-- Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH
(Corticotropin).
-from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary
tumor such as small cell carcinoma of the lung.or adrenal tumor
(rare)
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