CMY2602 all the notes 497 Questions With Correct Answers
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NU1426
Institution
NU1426
CMY2602- all the notes |497 Questions| With Correct Answers.
the key issues surrounding high risk offenders Kemshall (2008:4)
Who are high risk offenders?
three major issues of knowing high risk offenders (Kemshall)
Risk assessment tools
The problem of risk prediction
Criteria and evidence fo...
CMY2602- all the notes |497 Questions| With
Correct Answers.
1). The key issues surrounding high risk offenders kemshall (2008:4)
Ans: = difficulties in identifying exactly who are high
risk offenders
= the questions surrounding their risk assessment
= the problems with risk predictions in the future.
= both perceptions and definitions of high risk are dependent on the context
= risk is not a value neutral term as it encapsulates the values and meanings by those
who use it
2). Who are high risk offenders?
Ans: those individuals who have committed a violent or sexual offence, or who have
been assessed as likely to do so.
offenders likely to offend harmfully against the person, and those committing sexual
offences resulting in physical harm or psychological trauma (Kemshall)
3). Three major issues of knowing high risk offenders (kemshall)
Ans: . designing and implementing a risk assessment tool capable of reliably and
consistently identifying high risk offenders
. differing interpretations of what constitutes ``high risk'' among practitioners and
sentencers
. establishing sufficient criteria and evidence upon which to base judgements about the
future
4). Risk assessment tools
Ans: the rarer the behaviour of the high risk offender, the more difficult it is to
accurately predict, even though this is just the type of high risk behaviour that criminal
justice personnel are expected to predict. accuracy of risk assessment tools has also
proved to be problematic in terms of
maintaining long-term reliability.
5). The problem of risk prediction
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, Ans: = difficulty in establishing the relationship between risk factors and subsequent
offending
= Risk factors can have different impacts ± what impacts on one offender does not
necessarily impact on another.
= judgements of risk are open to
bias, stereotyping and interpretation
6). Criteria and evidence for "dangerousness''
Ans: = there is a difference between offenders who have no previous convictions or
who are under the age of 18
= a number of complex judgements based on the
interaction of the offender,the circumstances surrounding the offence, the impact on the
victim(s), and a combination of in-depth knowledge of behaviour, attitudes and
motivation are required
= policy, legislation and practice are all conducted ``as if'' we can know them.
7). Deciding on "dangerousness'' for under 18/ no previous offence
Ans: . must take into account all such information that is available to it about the
nature and circumstances of the offences
. may take into account any information which is before it about any pattern of behaviour
of which the offence forms a part
. may take into account any information about the offender which is before it
8). Dangerous offender (kemshall)
Ans: = heterogeneous (or fairly diverse)
= focused primarily on the sexual and violent offenders
= in particular those offenders who commit sexually violent
and predatory crimes against children
= very flexible, incorporating potential terrorists, asylum
seekers, problem youth, the socially excluded, as well as a wide range of sexual and
violent offences of varying degrees of seriousness.
= "every offender is deemed to present some risk ± the key is to determine the level of
risk and match responses accordingly
9). Criminological and legal approaches to risk and
dangerousness
Ans: = an emphasis on a technical understanding of risk, within which risk and
dangerousness are framed as objective phenomena if the correct measures and tools
can be designed.
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, = resulted in a constant developing in the pursuit of reliable risk assessment tools to
identify dangerous offenders,
= problems in tool use can be understood as arising from
differing conceptualisations of risk rather than as necessarily being due to practitioners'
lack of compliance.
= risk assessment tools see the riskiness of an offender as rooted in the behaviour and
circumstances of that individual.
= perspective on risk as ``fluid'' or changeable, running along a behavioural continuum of
low to high risk, and triggered by specific circumstances.
= risks are knowable and can be calculated if behaviours and triggers can be measured
against known risk profiles produced by the aggregated data on risky populations
= Behaviours and triggers are also seen as changeable
10). Psychological framing of high risk offenders and
dangerousness
Ans: = views risk and dangerousness as the individual, inherent traits of the offender
= risk factors are understood as those factors predisposing the individual to sexual or
violent offending.
= result of mental illness or as a result of childhood experiences or family functioning.
= Psychiatric assessments and treatments often run parallel to psychological
approaches,
11). Sociological understanding of risk and dangerousness
Ans: Sociological understandings of risk and dangerousness are eclectic, drawing on
a range of theoretical approaches
. Cultural theory
. Governmentality theory
. The social construction of risk and the role of the media
12). Cultural theory of risk and dangerousness
Ans: = examines how some dangers are chosen for attention while others are not
= perspective pays attention to the symbolic and cultural meanings carried by risk and
danger, and the political
rationalities and strategies that underpin them.
13). Governmentality theory of risk and dangerousness
Ans: = examine risk in the context of surveillance, discipline, and regulation of
populations
= concepts of risk construct certain norms of behaviour which are used to encourage
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, individuals to engage voluntarily in selfregulation
= ``responsibilisation''
= New techniques of surveillance linked by governmentality theorists to social
regulation.
14). Responsibilisation
Ans: is essentially a mechanism of social regulation in which
individuals are made responsible for their own actions, including their own risks, and for
their own self-risk management.
15). The social construction of risk and the role of the media
Ans: = perceptions of risk and how risks and dangers are selected for importance and
attention is significant;
= contrast between the media, political and public attention given to children abducted
and killed by strangers, and the number of children killed per year by a parent.
= media shape issues, drawing the attention of the public and political figures
= provide a frame of reference against which we measure our own experiences
= ``champion'' causes, validate causes and experiences, demonise particular groups and
popularise new fears, risk and dangers.
= can also help to find solutions (or inhibit them),
= mobilise activists and enable or prompt policymakers into action.
= Garland--- "collective and institutionalised crime consciousness''
16). Risk assessment
Ans: = postulated by Siegel and Bartollas: risk assessment is used to allocate inmates
to high, medium and low risk categories.
= Treatment effectiveness is thought to be maximised by matching inmate needs with
the proper treatment modality, that is, offender "responsivity'' or offender treatability
= demands a methodical evaluation, analysis and assessment of criminal behaviour in
order to determine an offender's risk of escaping, absconding, bullying behaviour (or own
vulnerability), and dangerousness. (Hesselink-Louw)
= risk of recidivating or causing harm to the public, known
individuals, staff, or the self is included here.
= Risk assessment can be applied in order to assist with inmate classification, offender
management strategies, therapeutic interventions, parole decision making, community
supervision and the sentencing of offenders.
17). Actuarial scales or instruments
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