Instructional studies typically involve the analysis, design, implementation, and evaluation of educational programs and materials. This field focuses on understanding how people learn and applying that knowledge to create effective teaching strategies, curriculum development, and educational techn...
1.1 Three learning theories and explanation of characteristics of each.
(a) Cognitivism
Three characteristics of cognitivism and its explanation
Memory refers to psychological processes of acquiring, storing, retaining and later
retrieving information.
Perception refers to the way sensory information is organised, interpreted and
consciously experienced.
Attention is the behaviour person uses to focus the senses. It may focus on
information that matters.
(b) Behaviourism
Three characteristics of behaviourism and its explanation
Reinforcement is the process of increasing the likelihood of behaviour occurring
again in the future. It can be thought of as a consequence that follows a behaviour
and increases probability of that behaviour being repeated.
Imitation means copy to another person’s behaviour whether as a conscious or
unconscious act. Imitation can indicate common behavioural patterns seen in
someone that is wished to be copied.
Practice is a deliberate effort to improve a skill, ability or knowledge through
repetition and application. It involves activity or task in order to gain proficiency and
mastery.
(c) Constructivism
Three characteristics of constructivism and its explanation
Concept development is the process of understanding and defining a new idea or
concept. It involves breaking down huge concepts into simpler components and
identifying their key characteristics and relationship.
Hand-on experimentation is an active process of student-centred learning whereby
encourages children to discover and develop new concepts or ideas followed by
spurring children’s mind to be critical and creative. This plays a key role in teaching
science. Science instruction without any experiment is hardly conceivable.
Logical reasoning refers to the process of using reasoning and critical thinking to
arrive at a conclusion based on given premises or evidence. It involves the use of
deductive and inductive reasoning to analyse and evaluate arguments and draw
logical conclusions.
1.2 ADDIE model and ID4T instructional model are both widely used instructional design model. The
ADDIE model is an acronym for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation.
ID4T model is an acronym for Intentional Design for Teaching and Learning Transformation.
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