This is a summary of ALL literature of the course CAN. It also includes the article of McGowan, even though it was not in the syllabus. This summary is based on the most important aspects mentioned in the lectures, supplemented with information from the article itself. It is concise, NOT elaborate!...
Inhoud
Week 1....................................................................................................................................................3
Hinojosa & Hinojosa (2024). Positive and adverse childhood experiences and mental health
outcomes of children..........................................................................................................................3
Clemens et al. (2018). Association of child maltreatment subtypes and long-term physical health in
a German representative sample........................................................................................................3
Strathearn et al (2020). Long-term cognitive, psychological and health outcomes associated with
child abuse and neglect......................................................................................................................4
Week 2....................................................................................................................................................4
Danese (2020) Rethinking childhood trauma – new research directions for measurement, study
design and analytical strategies..........................................................................................................4
McLaughlin et al (2019) Childhood adversity and neural development: a systematic review.............5
McLaughlin, Tottenham et al (2019) Mechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology:
Learning as an intervention target......................................................................................................5
McCrory et al (2022) Social thinning and stress generation after childhood maltreatment: a
neurocognitive social transactional model of psychiatric vulnerability...............................................6
Week 3....................................................................................................................................................6
Drury et al (2016) When mothering goes awry: Challenges and opportunities for utilizing evidence
across rodent, nonhuman primate and human studies to better define the biological consequences
of negative early caregiving................................................................................................................6
Maestripieri (2005) Early experience affects the intergenerational transmission of infant abuse in
rhesus monkeys..................................................................................................................................7
Stevens & Vaccarino (2015) How animal models inform child and adolescent psychiatry.................8
Week 4....................................................................................................................................................8
Lester et al (2016) Introduction to the special section on epigenetics................................................8
Cecil et al (2016) Epigenetic signatures of childhood abuse and neglect: Implications for psychiatric
vulnerability........................................................................................................................................9
Turecki & Meaney (2016) Effects of the social environment and stress on glucocorticoid receptor
gene methylation: A systematic review..............................................................................................9
McGowan et al (…) Epigenetic Regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates
with childhood abuse.........................................................................................................................9
Week 5....................................................................................................................................................9
Humphreys et al (2020). Psychiatric outcomes following severe deprivation in early childhood:
Follow-up of a randomized controlled trial at age 16.........................................................................9
, Zeanah et al (2017) Alternatives for abandoned children: insights from the Bucharest Early
Intervention Project..........................................................................................................................10
Koss et al (2014). Social deprivation and the HPA axis in early development...................................10
Week 6..................................................................................................................................................11
Walsh et al (2010). How are we measuring resilience following childhood maltreatment? Is the
research adequate and consistent? What is the impact on research, practice, and policy?.............11
Ioannidis et al (2020). The complex neurobiology of resilient functioning after childhood
maltreatment....................................................................................................................................12
Masten et al (2023). Resilience Processes in Development: Multisystem Integration......................12
Week 7..................................................................................................................................................14
Van IJzendoorn et al (2020). Annual Research Review: Umbrella synthesis of meta-analyses on child
maltreatment antecedents and interventions: differential susceptibility perspective on risk and
resilience..........................................................................................................................................14
Fisher et al (2016) The neurobiology of intervention and prevention in early adversity...................14
Toth et al (2015). Mechanisms of change: Testing how preventative interventions impact
psychological and physiological stress functioning in mothers in neglectful families.......................15
Dozier et al (2018). Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up: An evidence-based intervention for
vulnerable infants and their families................................................................................................15
,Week 1
Hinojosa & Hinojosa (2024). Positive and adverse childhood
experiences and mental health outcomes of children.
This paper explores the role of ACEs and Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs) on the mental health
outcomes of children.
A sample was taken from the National Survey of Children’s Health and the relationship between PCEs
and ACEs was explored.
PCEs included:
- Supportive relationships
- Open family communication
- Safe stable environment
- Opportunities for constructive social engagement
- Receiving mentorship from adults
Results:
- With each additional ACE, there was a significant increase in the odds of reporting a mental
health condition
- With each additional PCE, there was a significant decrease in the odds of reporting a mental
health condition
- When ACEs are low, PCEs provide a protective effects on reports of mental health
- When ACEs are high (4+), children with high numbers of PCEs have similar reports of mental
health conditions
These ACEs and PCEs were reported via parental report! Is this reliable? This paper is not an
experiment, so we cannot claim causality either. Could there be more PCEs that were not reported,
that still had an influence?
Clemens et al. (2018). Association of child maltreatment subtypes
and long-term physical health in a German representative sample.
This analysis assessed the association between the subtypes and intensity of child maltreatment and
long-term physical outcomes.
A cross-sectional design N = 2510 assessed with the CTQ, SES information and current health status.
The results:
- obesity, cancer, hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease, myocardial infarction and stroke
were found more in people with a history of CM.
- The higher the intensity of the CM subtype, the higher the rates of all physical health
conditions. Dose-response relationship between CM intensity and health issues.
Limitations:
- Results are based on retrospective self-report.
- Causality cannot be concluded. Maybe obese children are more likely to be maltreated?
,Strathearn et al (2020). Long-term cognitive, psychological and
health outcomes associated with child abuse and neglect.
This article links the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy data set with reports of
different types of child maltreatment. They analysed the long-term impact of child maltreatment on
cognitive, psychological, addiction, sexual health and physical outcomes.
N = 5200, measured at 14 and 21 years of age. 46 different outcomes were assessed grouped into 5
domains: cognitive, psychological, addiction, sexual health and physical outcomes.
The results:
- Emotional abuse and neglect were associated with the biggest number of adverse outcomes
- Sexual abuse was associated with some variables, but not as many as the rest
- More than half of the children who experienced substantiated maltreatment had 2+
comorbid negative outcomes
- In conclusion, child maltreatment is associated with a wide range of long-term adverse health
and developmental outcomes.
Limitations:
- In this research they controlled for confounds, however types of maltreatment often co-occur
in real life
- The few associations found between sexual abuse and outcomes might be due to the low
prevalence of sexually maltreated participants
Week 2
Danese (2020) Rethinking childhood trauma – new research
directions for measurement, study design and analytical strategies.
This review examines three dominant assumptions about measurement of the consequences of
childhood trauma. Current research shows limitations of both prospective and retrospective
measures of childhood trauma.
It answers multiple questions, including: which children are at greatest risk of trauma-related
psychopathology and are subjective adult reports a true reflection of actual experiences of childhood
trauma? Psychology depends a lot on retrospective measures due to the assumption of equivalence
between objective and subjective experience of childhood trauma. This is concerning because the
memory of actual experiences are often imaginative reconstructions.
Results:
- Traumatised children are twice as likely to develop a wide range of psychiatric diagnoses
- 52% of individuals with prospective observations of CM did not report it retrospectively
- 56% of individuals retrospectively reporting CM did not have prospective observations
- This overlap is even smaller when looking at individual CM types
- Retrospective reporting was associated stronger with poorer mental health
Explanations:
- Agreement can be reduced if reporters intentionally withhold or fabricate information.
- Imperfect test-retest reliability of the pro- and retro measures
, McLaughlin et al (2019) Childhood adversity and neural
development: a systematic review.
This review evaluates two conceptual models of adversity and neurodevelopment: the dimensional
model and the stress acceleration model.
The dimensional model of adversity argues that threat-related exposure should have the strongest
influence on the amygdala-mPFC, whereas deprivation should have stronger associations with the
frontoparietal network. Both forms of adversity influence the neural network differently.
The stress acceleration model theorises that the brain matures quicker in the case of stress and/or
the absence of regulation from parents. This maturing happens to deal with the stress. This model
primarily focuses on the connection between the PFC and the limbic system.
Results:
- Consistent with the dimensional model, children exposed to threat had reduced amygdala,
mPFC and hippocampal volume and heightened amygdala activation to threat.
o These patterns were not consistently observed in children exposed to deprivation!
- Reduced volume and altered function in frontoparietal regions were observed in children
exposed to deprivation, but not in children exposed to threat.
- Evidence for accelerated development in amygdala-mPFC circuits was limited
o Some studies even find the opposite (reduced development)
o Evidence for accelerated development was found in other parts of the brain!
McLaughlin, Tottenham et al (2019) Mechanisms linking childhood
adversity with psychopathology: Learning as an intervention target.
This opinion piece argues for making targeted, better interventions to prevent the onset of
psychopathology in individuals with a history of CM. Several neurodevelopmental mechanisms
underlie this pathway. This article highlights three of these mechanisms that have a lot of evidence
and become better targets for intervention:
1. Threat-related social information processing biases
a. Threat in environmental cues is recognised earlier.
b. Heightened sensitivity to anger
c. Attentional bias to threatening information
d. Hostile attribution bias
e. Very strong and consistently found finding in literature
2. Heightened emotional reactivity and difficulties with emotion regulation
a. Heightened emotional reactivity mainly to negative stimuli that could signal threat
b. Has been found in children who have experienced violence, deprivation (incl.
institutional rearing), neglect and poverty.
c. This neurobiological adaptation might have been helpful in adverse situations, but
leads to sustained hypervigilance.
d. CM is linked to higher amygdala activation
e. Emotion regulation also experiences problems, which is strongly connected to
psychopathology.
f. History of CM could lead to a negative cycle that starts with negative self-perceptions
-> negativity bias -> experiencing more negative situations -> enhances negative
cognitions -> risk psychopathology.
3. Disruptions in reward processing
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