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- University Of Johannesburg (UJ)
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LEARNING UNIT 1: Introduction to StatisticsLearning objectives
• Understand the concepts of a population, sample, parameter, statistic,
random variable and data
• Distinguish between descriptive and inferential statistics
• Identify data types and measurement scales
• Know the difference between raw data and frequency data
• Understand sigma notation
Textbook reference
Chapter 1: §1.1 – §1.3, §1.7; Exclude §1.4 – §1.6, §1.8 – §1.11
1
,INTRODUCTION
An important part of the scientific research process is the gathering, ordering and
analysis of information from which conclusions can be drawn and interpretation
done. The study of statistical methods focuses on the question of how this
gathered data should be analysed so that meaningful conclusions can be drawn.
THE LANGUAGE AND COMPONENTS OF STATISTICS
In order to perform statistical analyses, one must first understand the language of
statistics. In this section we will define basic statistical terminology and concepts.
2
, Population
The term population refers to the entire collection of individuals, objects or items
under consideration. A population may be finite or infinite. For example, the
shoes manufactured on any given day in a factory is a finite population. However,
all the outcomes when flipping a coin repeatedly (and indefinitely) would be
considered an infinite population. The total number of elements in a population
is denoted by N.
Parameter
A population parameter is a constant value (usually unknown) that describes
some measurable aspect of a population. Population parameters are generally
denoted using Greek letters.
3
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