The Grade 11 Agricultural Sciences Note Set is a must-have for any student studying agricultural science. These colorful notes are concise and to the point, making studying a breeze. Whether you're preparing for a test or just looking for a quick review, these notes are the perfect tool. With the G...
, HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES
MIXTURE [HETEROGENEOUS]:
THE PERIODIC TABLE
→ the composition is not uniform (not the same throughout) Z H (hydrogen) – is a metal and non-metal and is found on both sides of
and the different components of the mixture can be seen the periodic table
→ combination
. of substances that cannot dissolve in each other Z the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers, with
the lightest element (H, HYDROGEN) in the upper left corner
COLLOIDAL MIXTURE Z position of element tells whether it is a metal or non-metal
(A) metals are found on the left side
MIXTURE [COLLOIDALS]:
→ molecule sizes increase / clumps of molecules (micelles) occur (B) non-metals are found on the far right
→ only with an electron microscope (C) tables have rows and columns
→ does not dissolve in water & forms heterogeneous mixture
Z there are 92 natural elements
[suspension] Z rows from left to right are called PERIODS (there are 7 periods)
Z columns from top to bottom are called GROUPS (there are 18 groups)
ISOTYPE
ISOTYPE:
→ Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number
(number of protons) but with different mass numbers (protons
and neutrons)
→ different versions of an element
→ radioactive [Carbon-14 > isotope of Carbon-12]
, GROUP 1 : ALKALI METALS GROUP 17 : HALOGENS
ALKALI METALS: HALOGEN:
→ Stored in oil or paraffin to prevent contact with oxygen and → Diatomic elements. Consists of molecules with two atoms
water. Chemical reactivity increases from top to bottom in a each. Chemical reactivity decreases from top to bottom in group
group [ionization energy > decrease the valence electron] fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, acetate [radioactive]
lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cerium, francium
F₂ Cl₂ Br₂ I₂
CHARACTERISTICS:
F₂ & Cl₂= yellow-green (room temperature) [TOXIC]
Z Low density (floats on water)
Z Soft > potassium = softest & lithium = hardest Br₂ = reddish brown liquid [TOXIC]
Z Silver coloured & shiny surface I₂ = purple crystals
Z GOOD CONDUCTORS [heat + electricity]
Z Fire in air = solid oxides [alkaline solutions] CHARACTERISTICS:
Z Reacts violently with water > hydrogen gas + alkaline solution of the metal Z Non-metals
hydroxide Z Diatomic molecules
Z Form CATIONS > +1 charge Z ANIONS > -1 charge
Z Low melting points & boiling points > increase as you move down the group
Z Coloured > colour becomes stronger > moves down the group
GROUP 2 : ALKALI - EARTH METALS Z Reactivity> move down the group
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