100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Summary Psychology 144 ALL Notes R160,00   Add to cart

Summary

Summary Psychology 144 ALL Notes

 14 views  0 purchase

Highly detailed summary of the content for the whole module. Includes work from lecture slides, textbook summaries and external research where further explanation was needed.

Preview 4 out of 63  pages

  • May 3, 2024
  • 63
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary
All documents for this subject (29)
avatar-seller
lyndsayadamson
Psychology 144 Notes Lyndsay Adamson


Week 1&2: Human Development – Chapter 11
Prenatal Development

• Define Prenatal development
Aka Antenatal period of gestation refers to foetal development over the period of pregnancy
from conception to parturition (childbirth)

• What are the 3 Stages of Prenatal Development?
o 0-2 Weeks = Germinal stage
o 2-8 weeks = Embryonic stage
o 9-38 weeks = Foetal stage

• What occurs during the Germinal Stage?
o First 2 weeks of gestation
o Cell partition initiates 24-36 hours after conception and specialization forms a
blastocyst which implants in the uterine wall




o Outer layer of blastocyst wall merge with endometrium forming placenta → permits
oxygen, nutrients, etc. to travel between mother & baby’s blood (do not mix)
o Blastocyst internal cells concentrate and specialize to form the umbilical cord, yolk
sac (produces blood cells) and amnion (fluid filled membrane).

• What occurs during the Embryonic Stage?
o Commences when implantation has occurred
o Embryo cells concentrate & specialize to form basic organs
o Week 3: Neural tube develops (forms brain & spinal cord); primordial heart; precursor
of kidneys; 3 pouches of the digestive system
o Week 4: Neural tube proliferates to form brain; eyes emerge; heart begins to beat;
spinal column & ribs; bone & muscle; face forms; endocrine system grows
o Week 5: arms & legs grow; eyes contain corneas & lenses; lungs enlarge
o Week 6: brain creates electrical activity; movement in reaction to stimulation; genitalia
enlarge
o Week 7: instinctive movement; observable skeleton; fully developed limbs; bones firm;
muscles grow; eyelids close to guard eyes; ears shaped

,Psychology 144 Notes Lyndsay Adamson


o Week 8: Liver & spleen work & embryo can generate & filter own blood cells; heart
developed; links established between brain & body; digestive & urinary systems
function. Complete organogenesis




• What occurs during the Foetal Stage?
o Closing phase lasting 7 months
o Growth in weight to 3-3,5kg; length about 500mm
o Cultivation & finishing of primitive organ systems
o Viability = capability to live outside uterus at end of Week 24

• What are the 6 major Factors that influence Prenatal Development?




• Genetic disorders
o Gene abnormalities → defective genes (spina bifida)
o Chromosome abnormalities → irregular segment of chromosomal DNA
(Down’s Syndrome)
• Maternal nutrition
o Performs vital role in perinatal growth
o Enough nutrients (folic acid)
o Nutriment accessibility determined by quality of & magnitude of maternal
reservoir & metabolic competency to create nutrient-rich environment for
growth
• Maternal stress & emotion
o Levels of Stress hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine,
adreno-corticotropic hormone) within foetal bloodstream linked to maternal
stress.
o Hormones affect blood pressure, heart rate, activity levels, birth weight,
immune system response, motor development, cognitive development

,Psychology 144 Notes Lyndsay Adamson


• Maternal drug use
o Alcohol → FAS; mental & physical deficiencies
▪ Delay of foetal origin (height & weight)
▪ Microphthalmia
▪ Small palpebral fissures
▪ Mid-face hypoplasia (underdevelopment)
▪ Flat/short philtrum (groove in upper lip)
▪ Microcephaly (head circumference)
▪ Delayed development
▪ Hyperactivity
▪ Attention deficits
▪ Learning disabilities
▪ Intellectual disabilities
▪ Seizures
o Smoking → birth weight; learning problems; anti-social behaviour; ADHD
o Other substances → marijuana & cocaine
▪ Birth weight
▪ Premature birth
▪ Withdrawal-like symptoms
▪ Tremors
▪ Hyperemesis (vomiting)
▪ Irritability, crying
▪ Anti-social behaviour
o Prescription and over-the counter drugs → foetal abnormalities
• Maternal illness & psychopathology
o Many illnesses pose high risk for damaging brain/CNS development – lead to
intellectual and other disorders (mental retardation) e.g., Rubella, syphilis,
HIV
• Culture, family & environmental toxins
o Culture influences thoughts and decision around pregnancy and child-rearing
o Miscarriages
o Changes in family structure over time → single-parent families; poor access
to social/familial support; child-headed households; female-headed
households
o Environmental toxins: air pollution, radioactivity
Motor, language, and socio-emotional development in childhood

• Define motor development and its basic principles?
→ The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities
o Cephalocaudal trend: head-to-foot motor development (gaining control of upper
part of bodies before lower
o Proximodistal trend: center-outward tendency adopted during motor
development (gain control of torso before extremities)
o What are Developmental norms?
→ the median/average age at which individual abilities and behaviors are shown.
→ Useful benchmarks
o Explain cultural variations in development?
o Rapid vs slow motor development in different cultures based on
emphasis/encouragement of motor exploration and skill development

, Psychology 144 Notes Lyndsay Adamson




• What is Temperament?
o → Refers to characteristics of mood, activity level & emotional reactivity.
o i.e., Some babies cheerful while others are irritable
o Infants display differences in emotional tone, activity tempo, sensitivity to
environmental stimuli
▪ Easy = happy, adaptable, regular, easy to soothe
▪ Difficult = adapts slowly, distractible, inflexible, intense reactions, crying
▪ Slow-to-Warm Up = adapts slowly, reactions are not as intense

• Explain early emotional development in terms of attachment
o What is attachment?
the close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and
caregivers
▪ First attachment with primary caregiver (mother)
o What is separation anxiety?
Separation anxiety is emotional distress in infants when separated from
people with whom they have formed an attachment
o What is the theory of attachment?
▪ John Bowlby (1969)
▪ Influenced by Ethological theory → proposed attachment was
evolutionary mechanism to ensure survival of dependent
▪ Biological basis → infants & caregivers biologically predisposed to
develop attachments
▪ Behaviors (crying, clinging, proximity seeking) keeps carer nearby to
ensure physical survival


o What are the Patterns of attachment according to Mary Ainsworth?
▪ Mother-infant Attachment quality varies based on maternal sensitivity and
behaviours & infant nature
▪ Research strange situation procedure → exposure to series of separation-
reunion episodes to assess attachment quality based on infant reactions
to parent departures & returns

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying this summary from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller lyndsayadamson. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy this summary for R160,00. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

67232 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy summaries for 14 years now

Start selling
R160,00
  • (0)
  Buy now