Detailed objective-by-objective summary notes for Topic 8: Acids and Bases for IB Chemistry SL/HL. Contains information on everything you need to know according to each understanding, application or skill.
Written by a IB HL Chemistry student who graduated with a 45/45.
Samenvatting Ib Course Book Chemistry 2014 - Scheikunde
Option D: Medicinal Chemistry (IB Chemistry)
Chapter 11 & 21, Measurements & Data Processing (IB Chemistry)
All for this textbook (81)
Written for
International Baccalaureate Diploma
Chemistry SL and HL
All documents for this subject (21)
1
review
By: miabouk • 4 year ago
Seller
Follow
ibdiplomamsg
Reviews received
Content preview
Topic 8.1: Acid and bases – Theories of acids and bases
Many reactions involve the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base.
• Understanding: A Brønsted–Lowry acid is a proton/H+ donor and a Brønsted–Lowry base is a proton/H+ acceptor.
▪ Brønsted-Lowry acid: define as a proton (hydrogen ion) donor
▪ Brønsted-Lowry base: defined as a proton (hydrogen ion) acceptor
▪ Hydronium ion (H3O+): ion formed when water molecules form a coordinate bond with a proton
• Protons in aqueous solution, H+ (aq), actually refers to presence of hydronium ions, H3O+ (aq).
• Understanding: Amphiprotic species can act as both Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases.
▪ Amphiprotic species: substance that can act as both Brønsted-Lowry acids or bases (can either donate or accept a proton)
• Common characteristic: all amphiprotic contain at least one hydrogen atom
• Examples of amphiprotic species: water, amino acids, proteins
▪ Amphoteric species: species that can act as both acid and base
• Amphiprotic species is a category of amphoteric species
• Understanding: A pair of species differing by a single proton is called a conjugate acid-base pair.
▪ Conjugate acid-base pair: pair of species differing by a single proton
• Brønsted-Lowry acid: has a conjugate base that has one less proton
• Brønsted-Lowry base: has a conjugate acid that has one more proton
• Applications and skills: Deduction of the Brønsted–Lowry acid and base in a chemical reaction.
▪ Characteristics of Brønsted-Lowry acid and base
• Conjugate acid-base pair: reactant and product differ by a proton
• Presence of hydrogen: B-L acids contain at least one hydrogen
• Applications and skills: Deduction of the conjugate acid or conjugate base in a
chemical reaction.
▪ Process of identifying conjugate acid or base
• Proton: conjugate acid or base differs by their respective conjugate by a proton
• Relative strength of acid/base: strong acids have weak conjugate bases, and vice versa
▪ Strong acid: acid that undergoes complete dissociation in water, and where the hydrogen has minimal affinity for the formed ions
▪ Weak acid: base that undergoes partial dissociation in water, establishing an equilibrium
• Nature of science: Falsification of theories—HCN altering the theory that oxygen was the element which gave a compound its
acidic properties allowed for other acid–base theories to develop.
• Nature of science: Theories being superseded—one early theory of acidity derived from the sensation of a sour taste, but this had
been proven false.
• Nature of science: Public understanding of science—outside of the arena of chemistry, decisions are sometimes referred to as "acid
test" or "litmus test".
• International-mindedness: Acidus means sour in Latin, while alkali is derived from the Arabic word for calcined ashes. Oxygene means
acid-forming in Greek, and reflects the mistaken belief that the element oxygen was responsible for a compound’s acidic properties.
• International-mindedness: Acid–base theory has been developed by scientists from around the world, and its vocabulary has been
influenced by their languages.
• Guidance: Lewis theory is not required here.
• Guidance: The location of the proton transferred should be clearly indicated. For example, CH3COOH/CH3COO– rather than
C2H4O2/C2H3O2–.
• Guidance: Students should know the representation of a proton in aqueous solution as both H+ (aq) and H 3O+ (aq).
• Guidance: The difference between the terms amphoteric and amphiprotic should be covered.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ibdiplomamsg. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for R61,92. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
