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Course Summary - Main Themes (2024) International Security and Strategic Studies ISSS R188,20   Add to cart

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Course Summary - Main Themes (2024) International Security and Strategic Studies ISSS

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Extensive summary compiling all lecture notes, slides, and readings and organised thematically. Clear connections between topics are made within the document. Emphasised points bolded, and a few pieces of commentary or thought-exercises added in grey. I received a 19/20 on our last oral exam, and h...

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  • June 11, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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ISSS Notes: Main Themes

Security

Modern view of security: (re: Omand 2010)

o Broadened view of disruptive events
 Natural hazards, pandemics, public/human security
o Increased emphasis on anticipation
 Readiness in peacetime
 To avoid/reduce likely impact
 Acting in advance to avert problem
 Requires intelligence capability and community confidence in state actions
o Increased value on national resilience
 Pragmatic preparedness for inevitable threats that will occur in complex,
interconnected society
 Preparation is in itself a form of dissuasion as well as defence
 Includes private sector and decentralised strategy

Security achieved through strategy

 Security, as the foremost concern of the sovereign state, must define a strategy to
adequately manage civil and military relations and secure itself
o State of trust between governments and civilians
 Clausewitz’ Trinity [see below]
 Continuing trust in peacetime is essential for capacity-maintenance needed
for the more modern anticipatory approach to security
 Latent power and ongoing effort towards peace, deterrence success
being measured by nothing happening
o Confidence in normal life
o Peace and security are twin concepts
 Peace rests on strong defences (Siena fresco)
 Balancing of justice and civil harmony is an eternal challenge
 An exercise in risk management
o Government judged by its ability to use pre-emptive info to anticipate and
mitigate trouble whilst maintaining good public support
 Wielding of state power to reach objectives
o Defines application of use of force
o Defined in public policy
 Since they are not always the same, the type of war at hand needs strategy that reflects
the specifics of what is on the ground happening
o Strategy: making choices over ends, ways, and means

, o Defines limitations on use of force and conditions for employment
o Must consider:
 End goal
 Defeat: mental process, in battlefield or in non-battle aspects. Mass
destruction.
 Destroy: absolute death. Politically and socially untenable, and
needs to destroy the enemy’s will.
 Approach
 Direct: face-to-face
 Indirect: attack away from main target e.g. draw forces away, cut
communication
 Stepping stones
 Strategy: High political level, ends ways and means
 Tactics: On the ground soldiers, abilities, assets that are used
 Operational: In between, a link between strategic objective and
tactical activities
o How you synchronise and interact between activities to
multiple total effect of each individual activity
o A difficult art of coordination
 Rules of Engagement
 Codes of Conduct
 Especially in combined operations, nations impose their own
caveats and red lines on the level of use of force
 Caveat-matrix defines red lines for each member in regard to
collective action
 (If allied operation), Interoperability
 Cross-national military connections
o Radios, planning, equipment, ammunition and maintenance
 Strategic studies: academic study of strategy
o “If warfare is a continuation of political intercourse, then studying warfare is a
means of studying the politics of conflict – and navigating the long road to
peace.”
 Re: diplomacy and seeing diplomacy and military as two tools of the state
in tandem

Civil-Military Relations:
 Security, to a large extent, is about the management of civil-military relations
o How does a government representing the citizenry interact with this instrument of
violence that armed forces are, that the government has created for itself?
 Huntington’s “The Soldier and the State” (mostly Cohen’s nuanced analysis)

, o Core assumptions of standard model of civil-military relations:
 Officership as a profession, in the management of violence
 Ideal officer is a patriotic member of a brothership of arms
 Group is prioritised over the individual
 Built around notion of being the “specialists” in managing
violence to achieve desires in political outcomes
 Military force is an instrument of policy, wielded in the service of the state
 Re: Clausewitz’ trinity [see below]
 Society and international relations, at heart, need civil-military relations to
provide order in society and in the international system itself
 If not, those with guns are only intimidating and in need of being
controlled
o Asserts need to build military around notion of obedience
 Chain of command facilitates functionality
o Asserts that a sharp distinction between civil and military competences produces
the ideal military performance
 “Objective civilian control”
 Strategy begins where politics ends
 Military professionalism is best equipped to determine strategy
 E.g. US military in WWII
 Opposed to “subjective civilian control,” where this is not separated
o Criticised:
 Unrealistically pristine theory
 Ambiguous and politically defined goals produce non-static
purpose
 Does not confront real and messy problems of war
 Unclear distinction between competences, and military or non-military
organisation
 Professionalism has limits
 Technical expertise is necessary but not absolute; it is job-specific
 “Management of violence” excludes large areas of military activity
 War is too varied an activity
 Wartime pressures cause civilians to be mostly unable to control the
military realm, or confine it to politics
 Military officers do not always follow his chivalric ideal-type of who
these specialists are
 Assumption of rationality under question, but strategic nihilism reminds us
that we cannot assume constant or permanent rationality
 In practice, the law codifying civil-military relations differs in the degree of civilian
control over the military

, o In Belgium, military forces are subordinated to executive as per the constitution.
This is in turn controlled by parliament, through statutes, personnel law, and
budget
o French executive control is a lot more, with less say by the parliament
o Germany has more parliamentary control and less discretionary power by
executive
 Degree of democratisation of society reduces risk of military overthrowing government
States:

 National security: main concern
o Insecurity is the foundation of government
 Basic organisation of states
 Providing security as a public good to citizens
 Centrality of states in architecture of security governance
 Complimentary roles of international organisations
o Within a secure state, abundance, wealth, harvest, etc. has the opportunity to
flourish (harmony, security, prosperity)
 Re: the Allegory of Good and Bad Government, Siena by Ambrogio
Lorenzetti video (1338/9)
 Constant visual reminder to the obligations of the ruling council
 Wise government represents common good, with subordinated
private interest
 Peace rests on strong defences, and must be continually fought for
o National security is reliant on governments correctly employing its instruments of
the state
 To create solutions for allowing the state to live with inherent security
threats
 National Security Councils
 Synchronises inventory of tools used to manage international
relations
 (Armed forces, diplomacy, IOs, internal security, nurtured by
Intelligence Agencies)
 Statecraft: managing the ship of the state
o External
 To ensure positive relations with foreign states
 Concerned with international system and threats from abroad
 MFA
 Armed forces
 MoD
 Intelligence Agencies

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