Summary
Summary 2.3 Reproductive Animal Strategies
- Course
- Life Sciences 2019
- Institution
- Saheti School (SAHETI)
Life Sciences Notes for IEB Matric 2019
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Taneil Thompson2.3 Reproductive Animal Strategies
PLEASE NOTE THAT I HAVE SIFTED THROUGH THE IEB FINAL PAPERS FROM 2011 TO 2018 AND
ADDED SOME INFORMATION THAT KEPT COMING UP. THIS INFORMATION IS IN PINK. I HAVE ALSO
CHECKED THROUGH THE SAGS DOCUMENT TO MAKE SURE THAT ALL THE RELEVANT INFORMATION
IS HERE. J
1. Reproduction: production of a new generation of organisms from an existing generation. Life process that ensures
the continued survival of a species.
2. Strategy: genetically determined behavior
3. Fertilization: joining of the nucleus of an egg and a sperm. Sperm are motile and able to swim but the egg doesn’t
move.
4. Cloaca: single opening located in lower abdomen which align during mating for the transfer of sperm
5. Parental care: any pattern of behavior in which a parent spends time or energy to improve the survival, condition
and future reproductive success of the offspring.
6. Reproductive Strategies: structural, functional and behavioural adaptations/mechanisms that improve the chances
of successful fertilisation/survival of offspring.
Goal of a species:
- Reproductive effort: produce maximum number of surviving offspring while using least amount of energy
- Asexual reproduction: energy efficient (low reproductive effort) and only involves one animal
- Sexual reproduction: much more complex, needs a lot more energy (higher reproductive effort)
Reproductive What? Specifics: Examples: Maximize Reproductive energy
Strategy: Reproduction? uses:
Courtship Behavior that is Simple strategy: Females of some -ensures that goes into the
designed to -Chemical insect species strongest male is courtship ritual
attract another (pheromones) (moths) produce found (stronger gene
animal for -visual (brightly colored species-specific pool)
mating and bodies) pheromones that
breeding -auditory attract males.
SAHETI School, 2019
, Taneil Thompson
Complex Strategy: Blue Crane’s -makes sure male and
-Specific to each courtship displays female are both ready
species. are a complex and for reproduction
-Females want males extended series of -female conserves
that are larger, have calls and an energy for breeding
more elaborate physical elaborate dance (male uses energy in
features and display from the male ritual).
more energy in
courtship rituals than
other males.
External Sperm moves, egg -Takes place in water -HUGE amounts of eggs producing large
Fertilization doesn’t. vertebrae mostly with aquatic and sperm produced to number of eggs
have various ways vertebrates (fish and ensure fertilization.
of getting sperm frogs) -courtship ritual where
to the eggs. -Not ideal: wasteful, large by the male and female
number of eggs that are swim next to each other
produced end up getting in order for the gametes
eaten and not all of them to be close to each other
may get fertilized in the to ensure fertilization.
first place
Internal -Occurs in terrestrial -Birds and reptiles: -fewer gametes needed used to form a
Fertilization vertebrates (reptiles, mate using a cloaca -fertilization is more protective shell
birds, mammals) -Mammals: copulate likely (chickens) or placenta
-Sperm is released when a penis comes -energy is saved (humans).
directly into females body into contact with a
(mating or copulation) to vagina. Penis ensures
fertilize the eggs sperm is transferred
SAHETI School, 2019
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