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Class notes Organic Chemistry: functional groups and isomers R121,33
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Class notes Organic Chemistry: functional groups and isomers

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An in depth dive into beginner organic chemistry with detailed examples, definitions that are colour coded. Has pictures and 3D diagrams of organic chemistry structures for understanding.

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  • June 20, 2024
  • 18
  • 2023/2024
  • Class notes
  • Professor bourne
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Formal charge
A formal charge is the difference between no of valence electrons .
has when
unbonded and the number of electrons it "owns" when bonded .



Formal. = no . of valence -


no of e post bond



Example :
"shared
FC =




=
VE

6
-




-
(NBE

6
-


E(2)
+ BE)
bonds
·
Neutral atoms have a formal charge of Zero
·
lons have a formal charge of the charge of the ion
.



·
Carbocation is a atom
containg positively charged carbon atom
a .

·
Carbanion is an atom
containing a negatively charged carbon atom
.

·
Radical is an atom with an oad no ·
Ofe




VSEPR theory
·

A model to predict 3D structure/molecular shape
.

& valence electrons of central atom far as possible to minimize repuls-
are as away
ions
1880
.




I
:

Linear

Trigonal planar
j




Tetrahedral

,When determing electron-group arrangement :
1 . Of t
Count no
groups including lone pairs
.
2 This doesn't determine shape , merely the subgroup
.


2 molecular shapes of trigonal planar
I

· OR X
/ I
Bent Trigonal planar

A double bond has greaterI density and repels the single bond and so theres

deviation.


3 molecular shapes of tetrahedral

eg Ammonia (NH4)
I & ⑧
E
(107 , 3 %


X X slight deviation

L &
11
Tetrahedral Trigonal planar
8
·




X / < 1095
S
&
1
Bent (V-shaped)

, Hybridization




·
is
HS #
s
Double bond-pibond and one
sigma bond
sp2
Sp C
*
single bond > Sigma
-
bond o
S
H #S
·
How are double bonds formed ?
3 groups
: 3 orbitals are
required


PPP
s


sp" and one unhybridized p orbital .

·
How is a triple bonded ethyne formed ?




H 2 CH

pp p
S


sp orbital with 2 unhybridized porbitals .
(2 sideways overlap
& formed from S-sp (head on overlap

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