The whole of topic 2 including The Congo, Tanzania and Angola. It is a detailed summary and study guide for the topic. This section falls under Paper one of the IEB history matric paper. I used the New generation textbook along with two study guides and extra notes.
African socialism: (economic system)
- Popular = opposite of Capitalism
o Capitalism associated with colonialism + exploitation
- Socialism closer to traditional African communal way
- ≠ Satellite of USSR = own African Socialism
- Classless, communal society = land belongs to all
- Democratic decision making
- Happy to include benefits of Western Technology
- ≠ Private ownership of land, ≠ classes + co-operation
Capitalism: (economic system)
- Improve standard of living + good services
- Strong reliance on Western investment
- African in key economic positions
- State involved in economy ≠ control it
Democracy: (political system)
- Modeled on Westminster model but struggled
- Single party (monopoly and elimination of opponents)
- Once in power = abandoned western system for power
One-Party State: (political system)
- Ruling party = control government, police + armed forces
- President ruled as autocrat
- Censorship + few civil rights
- People accepted:
o ≠ waste time on elections
o Used to one leader (chief)
o Satisfied if needs are met + nationalism
Military Dictatorship: (political system)
- Civilian government ≠ solve problems
- Military coup by the army
, Political problems facing African Countries
Legacy of colonialism:
- Colonial rule was authoritarian
o Africans = inexperienced in government positions
- Borders imposed ≠ consider ethnic groups
o Very diverse population = ethnic rivalries
Post-Independence:
- Nationalism ≠ easy (locally > nationally)
- African culture = wealth associated with power
o Leaders felt entitled to enrich = corruption
- literacy rates = difficult to politically educate
Social problems facing African Countries
Legacy of colonialism:
o People had been exploited (workers > leaders)
Post-Independence:
- ≠ improvements in education = literacy + unskilled
- basic services
- healthcare
- Social conditions during civil war
- Rapid urbanization = squatter camps
, Economic problems facing African Countries
Legacy of colonialism:
- African economy made to suit colonial needs
o Exported Raw materials > developing industries
- Emphasis on crash crop farming > ≠ subsistence farming
- ≠ Secondary industries developed
- Economy relied on trading with colonial powers
Post-Independence:
- demand for raw materials = $ from trade
- $ Spent on large scale projects ≠ benefit the people
- $ ≠ spent on improving agriculture
o Government encouraged cash crops
starvation
- Leaders borrowed money = Neo- colonialism
Background to Africa in the Cold war
USSR + USA:
- Supported rival liberation movements
- USSR = most liberal movements
o MPLA in Angola, SWAPO in SWA etc.
- USA = opponents of liberation movements
o UNITA + FNLA in Angola + RENAMO in Mozam.
CUBA:
- Castro = spread the revolution
o Supported African movements with a socialist agenda
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