Book review
Chemistry modules
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- Chemistry
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- 12th Grade
Summary of 104 pages for the course Chemistry at 12th Grade (Modules)
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, MEDICAL MODULE - 2
CHEMISTRY – CLASS XI
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND
PERIODIC TABLE & PERIODIC PROPERTIES
CONTENTS
Topics Particulars Page No.
Chapter 1. Atomic Structure ............................................................... 4 - 66
1. Dalton's Atomic Theory .................................................................................................... 4
2. Some Important Definitions ............................................................................................. 6
3. Thomson's model of atom ............................................................................................... 10
4. Rutherford's particle experiment ................................................................................ 10
5. Electromagnetic Waves .................................................................................................. 13
6. Planck's Quantum Theory .............................................................................................. 15
7. Dual Nature of Light ....................................................................................................... 16
8. Photo Electric Effect ....................................................................................................... 16
9. Bohr's Atomic Model ....................................................................................................... 19
10. Dual Nature of Matter .................................................................................................... 26
11. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle ............................................................................... 29
12. Quantum Mechanics ...................................................................................................... 30
13. Quantum Numbers ........................................................................................................ 42
14. Rules for Filling of Orbitals ............................................................................................. 46
15. Stability of Half Filled and Completely Filled Orbitals ..................................................... 47
16. Unsolved Exercise .......................................................................................................... 49
17. Answers ......................................................................................................................... 65
Chapter 2. Periodic Table and Periodic Properties ............................ 67 - 101
1. Developments of Periodic Table ..................................................................................... 67
2. Atomic Size .................................................................................................................... 76
3. Ionisation Energy ........................................................................................................... 79
4. Electron Gain Enthalpy .................................................................................................. 80
5. Electronegativity ............................................................................................................ 82
6. Unsolved Exercise .......................................................................................................... 86
7. Answers ....................................................................................................................... 100
, CHAPTER
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1
Atom
A Tom (Greek word)
Not Divisible
Not divisible (According to Dalton)
Atoms is a Greek word
and its meaning is indivisible i.e. an ultimate particle which cannot be further subdivided.
John Dalton (1803-1808) considered that "all matter was composed of small particles called atoms".
1. DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY
This theory is based on law of mass conservation and law of definite proportions.
SALIENT FEATURE'S OF DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY
Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
Atoms of a particular element are alike but differ from atoms of other element.
Atom of each element is an ultimate particle and it has a characteristic mass but is structureless.
Atoms are indestructible i.e. they can neither be created nor be destroyed.
Atoms of elements take part in chemical reaction to form molecule.
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLE'S
Atom has many types of particles i.e. electron, proton, neutron, positron, antiproton, neutrino,
meson, antineutrino etc. The main fundamental particles are electron, proton, neutron.
PROPERTIES OF CATHODE RAYS :
Like ordinary light, cathode rays come out at right angles to the surface of cathode and travel in a
straight line normal to the cathode. It casts sharp shadows, if any opaque solid object is placed in
their path.
They rotate a light paddle wheel if placed in their path and thus shows mechanical effect i.e. they
have momentum and energy and therefore, mass. The cathode rays are material particles.
They are deflected in magnetic and electrical fields. The direction of deflection shows that they are
negatively charged.
Their velocities change with the applied voltage.
They penetrate through the metals and other substances and also produce flourescence.
An obstacle placed in the path of cathode rays is heated up and thus cathode rays possess heating effect.
Cathode rays on striking solid object of high melting point produce X-rays.
They affect the photographic plate.
They can ionise gases.
Their e/m is constant.
No cathode rays were produced when tube was completely evacuated.
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