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1. Identify and discuss, in your own words, how colonialism on French subjects happened in the
19th century within the specific examples covered in your study guide.
Essay 1
Colonialism on French Subjects in the 19th Century
Introduction
The 19th century marked a significant era of colonial expansion for France, characterized by both
conquest and consolidation of various territories across Africa and Asia. French colonialism, driven
by economic interests, national prestige, and a civilizing mission, profoundly impacted the subjects
under its rule. This essay will explore how colonialism was imposed on French subjects during this
period, focusing on specific examples such as Algeria, Senegal, and Indochina. Through these
examples, we will examine the methods of control, the socio-economic changes introduced, and the
cultural transformations enforced by the French colonial regime.
Algeria
Algeria serves as a primary example of French colonial ambitions and the harsh methods used to
impose control. The French invasion of Algeria began in 1830, driven by a mix of economic motives
and the desire to restore national pride after recent defeats in Europe. The initial conquest was brutal,
marked by military campaigns that decimated local populations and led to widespread land
confiscations. The French aimed to transform Algeria into a settler colony, encouraging Europeans to
immigrate and settle on expropriated lands. This led to significant displacement of the indigenous
population, disruption of traditional agricultural practices, and the establishment of a dual economy
that favored European settlers over native Algerians.
The imposition of French rule also extended to the cultural and social spheres. The French
introduced their language, legal systems, and educational institutions, aiming to assimilate Algerians
into French culture. However, these efforts often met with resistance and exacerbated tensions
between the colonizers and the colonized, leading to periodic uprisings and a long struggle for
independence that culminated in the mid-20th century.
Senegal
Senegal was another key territory in France's West African colonial empire. French control in
Senegal began in the mid-19th century, with the establishment of trading posts and the gradual
expansion into the interior. The French adopted a policy of assimilation, attempting to integrate
Senegalese elites into the French political and cultural framework. This was partly achieved through
the establishment of French-style schools, which educated a small elite who could serve as
intermediaries between the colonial administration and the local population.
