EEMB w22 F INAL EXAM 1 molecule of glucose produces - 36 ATP 12 critical plant species for human population - Cereal grains (grasses): 1. Wheat (Europe & Middle East) 2. Rice (Far East) 3. Corn (Americas) Root crops: 4. White (Irish) potato (Peru) 5. Sweet potato (tropical Americas) 6. Casaba/Tapioca (South America) Sugar producing crops: 7. Sugar cane (East India) 8. Sugar beets (Western Europe) Legumes: 9. Common beans (Mexico, Central America) 10. Soy beans (China) Tree Crops: 11. Coconut (Southeast Asia?) 12. Banana (Malaysia) 2 stages of photosynthesis - 1. Light dependent reactions: conversion of light to ATP - biochemical energy/burnable fuel 2. Light independent reactions: conversion of ATP to glucose - crude oil, crude form of energy 3 basic organ systems of plants - 1. roots: supporting the plant & stabilizing it's soil, and drive water & nutrients into the plant 2. stems: supports the plant and puts it up in the atmosphere so it can capture sunlight 3. leaves: large dish to capture sunlight (like a satellite dish) 3 major ecosystems in the biosphere - 1. Atmosphere (least biodiverse) 2. Hydrosphere (*most biodiverse*) 3. Lithosphere (intermediate biodiversity) 3 possible results of light energy in plants - 1. reflection: light bounces right back off, no photosynthesis 2. transmission - leaf is mostly air, light goes right through the leaf 3. *absorption: only consequence capable of driving work & photosynthesis* -if the plant gets lucky, the light will hit the thylakoid which has pigments that will absorb the light 3 types of plant tissues - 1. vascular tissue 2. epidermis 3. ground tissue abiotic components - non-living chemical & physical factors (temp, light, nutrients, water) after plant pollination - a *pollen tube* grows down the *style* & into the *ovary* (sperm swims down to the egg) allelochemicals - chemicals used in allelopathy (chemical warfare agents) -many chemical types -*small differences in chemical structure can have large effects in function* -ex: terpenoids (essential oils): display volatility (liquid → gas), aromatic allelopathy - use of *chemicals* in plant interactions -may be volatile altruistic behavior - individuals put themselves at risk for the benefit of species(others) -survivability is not at the individual level, but at the group survival level anabolism - small chemicals to large chemicals angiosperms - flowering plants (most common, 90% of all modern plant species) *reproduction - flower is a reproductive shoot (houses male & female parts)* anti-herbivory adaptations - 1. *Morphological* (thorns, spines, tough leaves, etc) 2. *Physiological (chemical defense)* (coloration, toxic, odorous, sticky, bitter, phenology) autotroph - (self + nourishment) makes their own food -Ex: sunflower uses sunlight energy, CO2 and H2O creating glucose to make food (same with algae in the ocean) behavior - the observable response of organisms to external or internal stimuli -*adaptive, natural selection can act on behaviors* -controlled by both genetics & the env -types: either *instinctive or learned* behavior plasticity - expression of behaviors will be expressed differently in different environments (behaviors can be adjusted accordingly) biochemical view of CO2 regulation - atmospheric CO2 is regulated primarily by organisms biogeochemical view - synthesis of biochemical & geochemical view combined w/ strong human influence (# of humans & animal agriculture → methane)
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