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1.1. In 1644 Milton developed his speech theory based on a quest for the truth. This was done to
protest the licensing of publications by the government of his day. Today, 360 years later,
licensing remains problematic, although freedom of speech has been acknowledged.
A) What is the situation in South Africa at present regarding: aa) the licensing of publications,
especially of newspapers, and (bb) the licensing of broadcasting services?
Explain in detail whether control is exercised over (aa) and (bb) above licensing. Indicate
whether licensing is applicable, and if so, discuss the various aspects pertaining to licensing, for
example,
(i) the categories of licenses.
(ii) the person or institution issuing the licenses.
(iii) the person or institution to whom complaints regarding the services in the case of (aa) and
(bb) should be directed.
In 1644, John Milton championed freedom of speech in his protest against the government's
licensing of publications. Fast forward 360 years, licensing remains a contentious issue globally,
including in South Africa. This essay will explore the current status of licensing for publications,
especially newspapers, and broadcasting services in South Africa. The discussion will cover whether
control is exercised over licensing, the applicable categories of licenses, the institutions responsible
for issuing these licenses, and the appropriate bodies for lodging complaints regarding these services.
Licensing of Publications in South Africa
In South Africa, the freedom of the press is enshrined in the Constitution, but certain regulations still
govern the publication industry to ensure accountability and standardization.
Categories of Licenses
For publications, there are generally no licenses required for newspapers and other print media in
South Africa. However, publishers must adhere to statutory requirements concerning the information
that must be printed on the publication and the deposit of copies with specific libraries for archival
purposes.
Issuing Institution
While there is no formal licensing authority for newspapers, the publishing industry operates under
self-regulatory frameworks through bodies like Print Media South Africa (PMSA) and the Press
Council of South Africa (PCSA). These bodies oversee the adherence to journalistic standards and
ethical practices.
Complaints Mechanism
Complaints regarding the content of publications can be directed to the Press Ombudsman, part of
the PCSA. The Ombudsman handles issues related to journalistic ethics and disputes involving the
press.
