NURS 316 - Unit 3 - Immunity & the Immune System Review Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
NUR 316
Institution
NUR 316
Immunity state of having sufficient biological defences to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion
Innate immunity non-specific barriers or eliminators of pathogens
Adaptive immunity specific immunity or acquired immunity, acts through specifically recognizing a pathogen t...
NURS 316 - Unit 3 - Immunity & the
Immune System Review Questions and
Correct Answers
Immunity ✅state of having sufficient biological defences to avoid infection, disease, or
other unwanted biological invasion
Innate immunity ✅non-specific barriers or eliminators of pathogens
Adaptive immunity ✅specific immunity or acquired immunity, acts through specifically
recognizing a pathogen that has breached innate immunity
Protective cells in skin ✅keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhan's
Merkel's
Chief cells produce ✅pepsinogen
Parietal cells produce ✅hcl & intrinsic factor
Granulocytes ✅neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes ✅lymphocytes and monocytes
Basophil ✅release histamines that cause inflammation
Eosinophil ✅kills parasites with oxidative burst
Neutrophil ✅Phagocytize bacteria and fungi
Monocyte ✅precursor to macrophage
Lymphocyte ✅Natural killer cells (kill cancer and virus-infected cells)
B cell (antibodies)
T cells
Most common WBC in blood ✅neutrophils
Least common WBC in blood ✅Basophils, unless there is an allergic reaction
,Phagocytic leukocytes ✅neutrophils and eosinophils in blood
Monocytes --> macrophages in tissues
Step 1 of Phagocytosis ✅Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte; when
infection occurs, phagocytes move towards the chemical signals through chemotactic
factor-induced pseudopod extension and retraction. Signals include: N-formyl-
methionine peptides (bacteria), clotting system peptides (trauma), cytokines
(macrophages located near infection site)
Step 2 of Phagocytosis ✅Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte; activation by attachment
to pathogens. Opsonins (molecules that act as a binding enhancer) such as C3b of the
complement system, and antibodies can act as attachment sites and aid phagocytosis
Step 3 of Phagocytosis ✅Engulfment; Formation of phagosome; facilitated by actin-
myosin contractile system
Step 4 of Phagocytosis ✅Fusion of phagosome with lysosome to form a
phagolysosome; lysosome contains digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) to degrade
four major groups of organic macromolecules; formation of phagolysosome leads to
degradation of ingested materials
Step 5 of Phagocytosis ✅Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
Step 6 of Phagocytosis ✅Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
Step 7 of Phagocytosis ✅Discharge of waste materials
Natural Killer cells ✅type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that are activated by and kill
abnormal host cells, like tumour cells and host cells infected by viruses or intracellular
bacteria.
Activated NK cells release:
Perforin - disrupts plasma membrane
Granzymes - proteases that cause target cell to die
5 signs of inflammation ✅redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
Steps of Inflammation ✅Following tissue damage:
Vasodilation & increased blood vessel permeability
1. Chemicals (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes) are released by
damaged cells
2. Blood clot forms
3. Abscess starts to form
Phagocyte migration & phagocytosis
, 4. Margination - phagocytes stick to endothelium
5. Emigration - phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells
6. Phagocytosis of invading bacteria
Tissue Repair
Steps of Fever caused by Gram (-) bacteria ✅1. Macrophage ingests a gram (-)
bacterium
2. Bacterium is degraded in vacuole, releasing endotoxins that induce the macrophage
to produce IL-1
3. IL-1 is released by the macrophage into the bloodstream, through which it travels to
the hypothalamus of the brain
4. IL-1 induces the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins, which reset the body's
"thermostat" to a higher temperature, producing fever
Beneficial effects of fever ✅1. Cause an unbearable environment for some pathogens
2. Increase the function of leukocytes by enhancing proliferation, mobility, and
phagocytosis
3. Endotoxin effects decreased
4. Increased proliferation of T cells
5. Enhanced activity of interferon
Interferons ✅part of cytokine classification; produced as a response to double-
stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection; very important for fighting RNA virus
infections. Two functions:
1. Inhibiting viral replication within host cells
2. Activating natural killer cells and macrophages
Transferrins ✅proteins carrying Iron; when Fe is attached to proteins, it is not readily
available for pathogens to use
Mast cells ✅Collection of basophils; found in the connective tissue of the dermis;
respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including
heparin and histamine
Final outcomes of complement system ✅Opsonization: enhancement of phagocytosis
by coating with c3b
Inflammation: increase of blood vessel permeability and chemotactic attraction of
phagocytes
Cytolysis: Bursting of microbe due to inflow of ECF through transmembrane channel
formed by membrane attack complex
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