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Science Medicine NUR 141 Test 2 Earn Study Guide_ Cellular Regulation, Endocrine Questions & answers latest update 2024/2025 with complete solutionR141,77
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NUR 141 Test 2 Earn Study Guide: Cellular
Regulation, Endocrine
Terms in this set (67)
Original
Osmolality
A measure of the number of DISSOLVED particles per unit of water
Tonicity
Measure of concentration of IV solutions compared with osmolality of body fluids
Brainpower
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Intracellular Fluid
fluid within the cells
%
Extracellular Fluid
The fluid outside of the cell- consists of the intravascular and interstitial space fluid
Solute
Particles that are dissolved in the sterile water (solvent) of an IV fluid
Ex. 0.9% Sodium Chloride
Solvent
The liquid portion of an IV solution that the solute dissolves into. The most common solvent is sterile
water.
Hypotonic Fluid:
Tonicity Classification
,Indication for use
Examples
Nursing Considerations
Tonicity Classification
- Have a tonicity lower than the body plasma
- Dilutes ECF, lowering serum osmolality. Osmosis causes movement of water from ECF to interstitial
spaces and cells, causing cells to swell.
Indication for Use:
Used in treating Hypernatremia
- as maintenance fluids
- not good for replacement of fluid because they can deplete ECF and lower BP
Examples:
- 0.45% Saline (1/2 NS)
- 0.225% Saline (1/4 NS)
- 5% Dextrose in Water (D5W): Technically isotonic, but dextrose is quickly metabolized and left with
hypotonic free water with equal expansion of ECF and ICF
Nursing Considerations:
- Because of the potential for cellular swelling, monitor for changes in patients mentation that may
signal cerebral edema
Isotonic Fluid:
%
Tonicity Classification
Examples
Indication for use
Lactated Ringers (LR)
Hypertonic Fluid:
Tonicity Classification
Indication for use
Examples
Nursing Consideration
Treating Hyponatremia
Potassium:
Normal Range
Function
Hypokalemia- Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, administration
Hyperkalemia- Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Nursing considerations
Normal Range
3.5-5
, Functions
- Nerve impulses, muscle contraction, cardiac function, regulating osmolality, promoting cell growth,
glycogen storage
Hypokalemia
Causes:
- loss of potassium from GI tract or kidney
Sx:
- Impaired muscle function, cardiac changes, skeletal muscle weakness/paralysis, decreased GI
motility, impaired insulin secretion
Tx:
- Increase intake of K+ rich foods
- PO oral potassium chloride such as K-Dur or KlorCon <3.7: GI N/V, ab pain, diarrhea
- Administration: with or after meals to decrease GI irritation, mix liquids/powders, or effervescent
tablets in at least 120 ml of water, or carbonated beverage
Hyperkalemia
Causes:
- impaired renal secretion
- Shift of K+ from ICF to ECF: lysis of cells/cell destruction from burns, crush injuries, tumor lysis,
severe infection, or intense exercise.
- Massive intake of potassium
- Renal failure- Most common
%
- Medications: digoxin and beta blockers, NSAIDS, potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs
Sx:
- life threatening changes in cardiac conduction
- fatigue, confusion, tetany, muscle cramps, paresthesia, weakness, GI muscle hyperactivity, muscle
tone weakness as K+ increases including respiratory.
Tx:
- Stop oral and IV potassium intake
- Increase potassium excretion: Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate) binds potassium in
bowel to eliminate in stool
- Dialysis in renal failure
- Force potassium from ECF to ICF: Combination of regular insulin with dextrose and beta-adrenergic
agonist (nebulized albuterol) stimulate the NaK+ pump which shifts K+ into the cell. also IV sodium
bicarb if acidotic
- Stabilize cardiac membranes with IV calcium chloride or calcium gluconate
- Mild hyperkalemia with functioning kidneys: withhold K+ and increase secretion
- Severe and symptomatic hyperkalemia: Force potassium into cells
Nursing Considerations
- Continuous EKG monitoring
- Pt with dysrhythmias should receive IV calcium immediately- monitor BP for hypotension
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