TRU BIOL 1693 module 1 : The Endocrine System Exam(100% correct and graded A+)
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Course
TRU BIOL 1693 module 1
Institution
TRU BIOL 1693 Module 1
water soluble hormones - single amino acid, epinephrine, norepinephrine, peptides which include
antidiuretic hormone or ADH and oxytocin, proteins that include insulin and growth hormone
hormone response - the response to a hormone depends on both the hormone and the target
cell. various target ...
water soluble hormones - single amino acid, epinephrine, norepinephrine, peptides which include
antidiuretic hormone or ADH and oxytocin, proteins that include insulin and growth hormone
hormone response - the response to a hormone depends on both the hormone and the target
cell. various target cells respond differently to different hormones
exocrine - exocrine glands secrete into ducts. the ducts carry the secretions to the target site or
onto the surface of the body
endocrine - endocrine glands secrete their products, hormones, into the interstitial fluid
surrounding the secretory cells, which then diffuses into capillaries to be carried away by the blood
hormones - hormones are powerful regardless of concentration level. hormones travel
throughout the body but only affect certain target cells, which have specific protein or glycoprotein
receptors which the hormones bind to
receptors - receptors are constantly synthesized and broken down. when too much hormone is
present down-regulation occurs. When a hormone is deficient, up-regulation occurs
down regulation - a decrease in the number of hormone receptors
up regulation - an increase in the number of hormone receptors
Lipid soluble hormones - steroid hormones, which are made from cholesterol, thyroid hormones,
and nitric oxide
, Lipid soluble hormone mechanism - lipid soluble hormones bind to and activate receptors within
cells. these activated receptors then alter gene expression, which causes the formation of new proteins
that alter cell activity.
water soluble hormone mechanism - water soluble hormones alter cell functions by activating
plasma membrane receptors, which sets off a cascade of events inside the cell
first messenger - a water soluble hormone that binds to the cell membrane receptor is called the
first messenger
second messenger - a second messenger is released inside the cell in which hormone-stimulated
response occurs
typical A.M.P. second messenger mechanism - the hormone binds to the membrane receptor. this
activated receptor initializes a membrane G protein that turns in adenylate cyclase. the, adenylate
cyclase converts A.T.P. into cyclic A.M.P., which activates protein kinases. Protein Kinases phosphorylate
enzymes catalyze reactions that produce the physiological response.
hormone release - most hormones are released in short bursts, with little or no release between
bursts. Normally the regulation of hormone secretion maintains homeostasis and prevents over or under
production of a particular hormone; however, when these regulating mechanisms don't work properly,
disorders occur
hypothalamus - the hypothalamus is the major integrating link between the nervous and
endocrine systems. it produces releasing or inhibiting hormones that control the hormones of the
anterior pituitary.
hypothalamus and pituitary - the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, also known as the hypothysis,
regulate virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis
the pituitary gland is located - in the hypophyseal fossea of the spheroid bone, and is
differentiated into the anterior pituitary which is also known as the adenohypophysis and the posterior
pituitary, which is also known as the neurohypophysis
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