GISP Study Guide All Answers Correct
Geodatabase
Definition: An object-oriented spatial model representing the native data structure for ArcGIS. It serves
as the primary format for storing, editing, and managing geographic data.
Types of Geodatabases
Personal Geodatabase
File Geodatabas...
Definition: An object-oriented spatial model representing the native data structure for ArcGIS. It serves
as the primary format for storing, editing, and managing geographic data.
Types of Geodatabases
Personal Geodatabase
File Geodatabase
Enterprise Geodatabase
Workgroup Geodatabase
Types of Geodatabase Datasets
Geometric Network
Network Dataset
Parcel Fabric
Terrain Dataset
LAS Dataset
Distance Relations
Definition: Specifies the distance between an object and a reference object.
Examples of Distance Relations
At
Nearby
In the Vicinity
Far Away
Distance Calculations
,Euclidean Distance: The straight-line distance between two coordinates, calculated using the formula:
\[
\sqrt{(x_1 - x_2)^2 + (y_1 - y_2)^2}
\]
Manhattan Distance: The sum of the vertical and horizontal distances, calculated as:
\[
|x_1 - x_2| + |y_1 - y_2|
\]
Directional Relations
Internal Direction: Refers to the location of an object that is situated inside the reference object.
External Direction: Refers to where an object is located outside the reference object.
Spatial Models
Definition: Describe the basic properties and processes for a set of spatial features.
Data Types
Vector Data: Comprised of points, lines, and polygons representing discrete features.
Raster Data: Consists of rectangular arrays of regularly spaced square grid cells, with each cell containing
a value or attribute.
Pixels and Cells
Pixel: The smallest resolvable unit of a scanned image; every pixel is a cell in raster data, but not all cells
are pixels.
Temporal Data in GIS
Definition: Recognizes that the world is continually changing; static maps can only represent one
temporal state at a time.
, Imprecision and Uncertainty
Imprecision: Arises because data is transformed from a 3D globe to a 2D surface through spatial
transformations (like projections and datums), resulting in data distortions.
Uncertainty: Indicates that GIS data, created or collected at a specific time, may be outdated.
Geoid and Mathematical Models
Geoid: The theoretical shape of Earth defined by mean sea level and influenced by topographic and
gravitational factors; represents what Earth would look like without continents.
Reference Ellipsoid: A mathematically defined surface that approximates the geoid, serving as a more
accurate representation of Earth's shape.
Oblate Ellipsoid: An ellipsoid where the shape is derived from rotating an ellipse about its minor axis,
fitting the geoid as a first-order approximation.
Sphere
Definition: Refers to the idealized shape of Earth; while the semi-major axis 'a' and the semi-minor axis
'b' differ by just over 21 kilometers, Earth is not perfectly spherical.
Spatial Reference Systems
Spatial Reference System (SRS) or Coordinate System (CRS): A coordinate-based system—local, regional,
or global—for locating geographical entities.
International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS): A three-dimensional coordinate system with a defined
origin (the Earth's center of mass) and three orthogonal axes (X, Y, Z).
Map Projections
Definition: The process of transforming coordinates from the curved surface of Earth to a flat map
representation.
Horizontal Datum
Definition: A model that represents Earth as a spheroid, consisting of two components: a reference
ellipsoid and a set of survey points defining the spheroid's shape and its position relative to Earth.
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