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Chapter 2 Pathology Review Questions with Answers
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A 77-year-old woman has chronic renal failure. Her serum urea nitrogen is 40 mg/dL. She is given a diuretic medication and loses 2 kg (4.4 lb). She reduces the protein in her diet and her serum urea nitrogen decreases to 30 mg/dL. Which of the following terms best describes cellular responses to di...

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  • August 16, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Chapter 2 Pathology Review Questions
with Answers
A 77-year-old woman has chronic renal failure. Her serum urea nitrogen is 40 mg/dL.
She is given a diuretic medication and loses 2 kg (4.4 lb). She reduces the protein in her
diet and her serum urea nitrogen decreases to 30 mg/dL. Which of the following terms
best describes cellular responses to disease and treatment in this woman? - Answer-
Adaptation

A 53-year-old woman with no prior illnesses has a routine checkup by her physician. On
examination she has a blood pressure of 150/95 mm Hg. If her hypertension remains
untreated for years, which of the following cellular alterations would most likely be seen
in her myocardium? - Answer-Hypertrophy

A 22-year-old woman becomes pregnant. A fetal ultrasound examination at 13 weeks'
gestation shows her uterus measures 7 × 4 × 3 cm. At delivery of a term infant, her
uterus measures 34 × 18 × 12 cm. Which of the following cellular processes has
contributed most to the increase in her uterine size? - Answer-Myometrial smooth
muscle hypertrophy

A 16-year-old boy sustained blunt trauma to his abdomen when he struck a bridge
abutment at high speed while driving a motor vehicle. Peritoneal lavage shows a
hemoperitoneum, and at laparotomy, a small portion of the left lobe of the injured liver is
removed. Two months later, a CT scan of the abdomen shows that the liver has nearly
regained its size before the injury. Which of the following processes best explains this
CT scan finding? - Answer-Hyperplasia

A 71-year-old man has had difficulty with urination, including hesitancy and increased
frequency, for the past 5 years. A digital rectal examination reveals that his prostate
gland is palpably enlarged to twice normal size. A transurethral resection of the prostate
is performed, and the microscopic appearance of the prostate "chips" obtained is that of
nodules of glands with intervening stroma. Which of the following pathologic processes
has most likely occurred in his prostate? - Answer-Hyperplasia

A 29-year-old man sustains a left femoral fracture in a motorcycle accident. His leg is
placed in a plaster cast. After his left leg has been immobilized for 6 weeks, the
diameter of the left calf has decreased in size. This change in size is most likely to result
from which of the following alterations in his calf muscles? - Answer-Atrophy

An 11-year-old girl becomes infected with hepatitis A and experiences mild nausea for 1
week. On physical examination, she has minimal right upper quadrant tenderness and
scleral icterus. Laboratory findings include a serum AST of 68 U/L, ALT of 75 U/L, and
total bilirubin of 5.1 mg/dL. Her laboratory findings most likely result from which of the
following changes in her hepatocytes? - Answer-Cell membrane defects

, A 33-year-old woman has had increasing lethargy and decreased urine output for the
past week. Laboratory studies show her serum creatinine is 4.3 mg/dL and urea
nitrogen 40 mg/dL. A renal biopsy is performed, and the specimen is examined using
electron microscopy. Which of the following morphologic cellular changes most likely
suggests a diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis? - Answer-Nuclear fragmentation

A 68-year-old woman suddenly lost consciousness and on awakening 1 hour later, she
could not speak or move her right arm. Two months later, a head CT scan showed a
large cystic area in the left parietal lobe. Which of the following pathologic processes
has most likely occurred in her brain? - Answer-Liquefactive necrosis

A screening chest radiograph of an asymptomatic 37-year-old man shows a 3-cm
nodule in the middle lobe of his right lung. The nodule is excised with a pulmonary
wedge resection, and sectioning shows a sharply circumscribed mass with a soft, white
center. The microscopic appearance is shown in the figure. The serum interferon
gamma release assay is positive. Which of the following pathologic processes has most
likely occurred in this nodule? - Answer-Caseous necrosis

An experimental drug administered to a tissue preparation is found to inhibit cellular
oxidative phosphorylation when given in high doses, and ATP production drops to 5% of
normal. Cell membrane function is diminished. Which of the following substances is
most likely to be present at increased concentration in culture fluid bathing the tissue? -
Answer-Potassium

A 47-year-old woman has poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and develops coronary
artery disease. She now has decreasing cardiac output with blood pressure of 80/40
mm Hg and ejection fraction of 18%. An increase in which of the following substances in
her blood is most indicative of reversible cell injury from decreased systemic arterial
perfusion of multiple organs and tissues? - Answer-Lactic acid

A tissue preparation is experimentally subjected to a hypoxic environment. The cells in
this tissue begin to swell, and chromatin begins to clump in cell nuclei. ATPases are
activated, and ATP production decreases. Which of the following ions accumulating in
mitochondria and the cytosol contributes most to these findings and to eventual cell
death? - Answer-Ca2+

In an experiment, a large amount of a drug is administered to experimental organisms
and is converted by cytochrome P-450 to a toxic metabolite. Accumulation of this
metabolite leads to increased intracellular lipid peroxidation. Depletion of which of the
following intracellular substances within the cytosol exacerbates this form of cellular
injury by this mechanism? - Answer-Glutathione

In an experiment, metabolically active cells are subjected to radiant energy in the form
of x-rays. This results in cell injury caused by hydrolysis of water. Which of the following

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