Bevat ALLE inligting oor Evolusie Deur Natuurlike Seleksie vir die Graad 12 eindeksamen. Dek elke onderwerp oor die hoofstuk en is gemaak aan die hand van die nuutste eksamenriglyne!
,GRAAD 12 EVOLUSIE DEUR NATUURLIKE SELEKSIE .......................................................................................... 1
OORPSRONG VAN IDEES OOR DIE OORSPRONG .............................................................................................................. 3
Fossielrekords: ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Afstamming met modifikasie: ........................................................................................................................ 4
Biogeografie: .................................................................................................................................................. 5
ANDER VORME VAN BEWYSE:..................................................................................................................................... 5
Vergelykende biochemie: ............................................................................................................................... 5
Vestigiale organe: .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Vergelykende embriologie: ............................................................................................................................ 6
HIPOTESE VS. TEORIE: .............................................................................................................................................. 6
LAMARCKISME: ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
2 idees: ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
Verwerping van Lamarckisme: ....................................................................................................................... 7
DARWINISME/NATUURLIKE SELEKSIE .......................................................................................................................... 8
Darwin se waarnemings: ............................................................................................................................... 8
Die proses van natuurlike seleksie: ................................................................................................................ 8
GRADUALISME VS GEPUNTE EWEWIG.......................................................................................................................... 9
NATUURLIKE VS. KUNSMATIGE SELEKSIE: ..................................................................................................................... 9
Natuurlike Seleksie ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Kunsmatige seleksie ....................................................................................................................................... 9
VARIASIE BINNE ‘N SPESIE ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Meiose:......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Mutasies: ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
Voortplanting: .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Tipes variasie in ‘n spesie: ............................................................................................................................ 10
VORMING VAN ‘N NUWE SPESIE ............................................................................................................................... 11
Geografiese (allopatriese) spesiasie ............................................................................................................ 11
Reproduktiewe Isolasie: ............................................................................................................................... 12
EVOLUSIE IN DIE HUIDIGE TYD .................................................................................................................................. 13
Insekdoders en insekte: ................................................................................................................................ 13
Antibiotika weerstandigheid ........................................................................................................................ 13
Weerstand teen ARV-middels in MI-Virusse ................................................................................................ 13
Snawel en liggaamsgrootte van Galapagos-vinke ....................................................................................... 14
2 J. Steyn
, Evolusie Deur Natuurlike Seleksie
Evolusie: verandering oor tyd.
Biologiese evolusie: genetiese veranderinge in ‘n bevolking wat oor opeenvolgende generasies
oorgeërf is as gevolg van natuurlike seleksie en wat uiteindelik die vorming van ‘n nuwe spesie tot
gevolg het.
Oorpsrong van idees oor die oorsprong
Bewyse van evolusie:
Fossielrekords
Afstamming met modifikasie
Biogeografie
Genetika
Fossielrekords:
Die fossielrekord is ‘n samevoeging van al die gelyste en bekende fossiele, van verskillende
ouderdomme, wat regoor die wereld deur paleontoloë ontdek is.
Die studie van plant- en dierfossiele = paleontologie
Dui op die orde waarin evolusie plaasgevind het
Ouderdom van fossiele kan volgens die ouderdom van die rots waarin dit voorkom bepaal
word
Ouer rotslae – minder biodiversiteit as meer onlagse rotslae
Dus is dit ‘n bewys van evolusie
3 J. Steyn
, Afstamming met modifikasie:
WERWELDIERE:
Soortgelyke strukture met dieselfde bouplan wat verskillende funksies verrig
HOMOLOË STRUKTURE
Homoloe strukture is bewyse van
evolusie aangesien ooreenkomste na
‘n gemeenskaplike voorouer
tereggevoer kan word
Die wysigings ontwikkel onafhanklik in
elke organisme
Divergerende evolusie: Waar organismes uit ‘n gemeenskaplike voorouer ontwikkel het, maar
verskillende evolusionere roetes gevolg het.
Soortgelyke strukture met verskillende bouplanne wat dieselfde funksie verrig
ANALOË STRUKTURE
Modifikasie binne ‘n spesie
(Vraagbeantwoording):
1. Hoe het die spesie gelyk aan
die begin?
2. Wat was sy omgewing?
3. Hoe het die omgewing
verander?
4. Wat was die verandering
aan die organisme?
5. ... het verander om aan te
pas by die veranderde
omgewing.
Konvergerende Evolusie: Waar organismes nie verwant is nie, maar strukture vir soortgelyke
omgewings totaal onafhanklik van mekaar, ontwikkel.
4 J. Steyn
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