Exam (elaborations)
SLK120
- Course
- SLK120 (SLK120)
- Institution
- University Of Pretoria (UP)
Exam of 17 pages for the course SLK120 at UP (SLK120)
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By: marilieburger • 4 year ago
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SLK 120CHAPTER 7
KEY MEMORY PROCESSES IN MEMORY
, SLK 120
INTRODUCTION
TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE PHENOMENON – forgotten information feels like it is just out of
reach.
ROGER BROWN AND DAVID MCNEIL à studied tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
It often occurs when you cannot remember a term that you are sure you know.
Psychologists asks: Key processes in Involves:
memory:
How does information get Encoding Formatting a memory code.
into memory?
How is information Storage Maintaining encoded information in
maintained in memory? memory over a period of time.
How is information pulled Retrieval Recovering information from
back out of memory? memory stores.
, SLK 120
ENCODING: GETTING INFORMATION INTO MEMORY
THE ROLE OF ATTENTION
" ATTENTION = focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli.
" Crucial process in memory.
" Memory is negatively affected by inattention, when we try to multi-task.
LEVELS OF PROCESSING
" Qualitative differences in how people attend to information = important factors
influencing how much they remember.
" FERGUS CRAIK AND ROBERT LOCKHART – proposed that incoming
information can be processed at different levels.
9 They maintained that in dealing with verbal information, people engage in
three progressively deeper levels of processing:
Level of Type of
processing: encoding:
Shallow Structural Emphasises the physical structure of the
processing
Depth of
processing encoding stimulus.
Intermediate Phonemic Emphasises what a word sounds like.
processing encoding Involves naming or saying the words.
Deep Semantic Emphasises the meaning of verbal input.
processing encoding Involves thinking about the objects and
actions the word represents.
I Craik and Lockhart – deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory
codes.
ENRICHING ENCODING
Dimensions that can enrich the encoding process and thereby improve memory.
Process: Entails:
Elaboration Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
Enriches semantic encoding.
Visual imagery Creation of images collaborating with a word.
Allan Paivio – easier to form images of concrete objects than of
abstract concepts.
Self-referent Determining how information is personally relevant.
encoding Enriches structural, phonemic and semantic encoding.
People remember things easier when it is relevant to them.
Motivation to When motivation to remember is high at the time of encoding – people
remember are more likely to invest extra effort to attend to and organise
information in ways that facilitate future recall.
ALLAN PAIVIO: His dual-coding theory holds that memory is enhanced by forming
semantic and visual codes because either can lead to recall.
Dual-coding à Imagery facilitate memory because it provides a second kind of memory
code and two codes are better than one.
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