Phil 170 Exam ch 3 Exam Questions and Answers
Appeal to Ignorance - Answer-When the premises of an argument state that nothing has been proved one way or
the other about something, and the conclusion then makes a defi nite assertion about that thing, the argument commits an appeal to ignorance....
Phil 170 Exam ch 3 Exam Questions
and Answers
Appeal to Ignorance - Answer-When the premises of an argument state that nothing has
been proved one way or
the other about something, and the conclusion then makes a defi nite assertion about
that thing, the argument commits an appeal to ignorance. the issue usually involves
something that is incapable of being proved or something that has not yet been proved
Hasty Generalization - Answer--Hasty generalization is a fallacy that affects inductive
generalizations.
-in Chapter 1 we saw that an inductive generalization is an argument that draws a
conclusion about all members of a group from evidence that pertains to a selected
sample. the fallacy occurs when there is a reasonable likelihood that the sample is not
representative of the group. Such a likelihood may arise if the sample is either too small
or not randomly selected.
False Cause: - Answer-the fallacy of false cause occurs whenever the link between
premises and conclusion
depends on some imagined causal connection that probably does not exist.
Slippery Slope - Answer-the fallacy of slippery slope is a variety of the false cause
fallacy. It occurs when the
conclusion of an argument rests on an alleged chain reaction and there is not suffi cient
reason to think that the chain reaction will actually take place.
Weak Analogy - Answer-the fallacy of weak analogy is committed when the analogy is
not strong enough to support the conclusion that is drawn.
Fallacies of Presumption - Answer--the fallacies of presumption include begging the
question, complex question, false dichotomy, and suppressed evidence.
-These fallacies arise not because the premises are irrelevant to the conclusion or
provide insuffi cient reason for believing the conclusion but because the premises
presume what they purport to prove.
Fallacy of ambiguity - Answer--The fallacies of ambiguity include equivocation and
amphiboly. These fallacies arise from the occurrence of some form of ambiguity in
either the premises or the conclusion (or both).
Fallacies of Grammatical Analogy - Answer-- the fallacies of grammatical analogy
include composition and division. Arguments that commit these fallacies are
grammatically analogous to other arguments that are good in every respect. Because of
, this similarity in linguistic structure, such fallacious arguments may appear good yet be
bad.
Begging the Question - Answer-- the fallacy of begging the question is committed
whenever the arguer creates the illusion that inadequate premises provide adequate
support for the conclusion by leaving out a possibly false (shaky) key premise, by
restating a possibly false premise as the
conclusion, or by reasoning in a circle.
- the actual source of support for the conclusion is not
apparent, and so the argument is said to beg the question.
Complex Question - Answer--The fallacy of complex question is committed when two
(or more) questions are asked in the guise of a single question and a single answer is
then given to both of them. Every complex question presumes the existence of a certain
condition. When
the respondent's answer is added to the complex question, an argument emerges that
establishes the presumed condition. us, although not an argument as such, a complex
question involves an implicit argument. is argument is usually intended to trap the
respondent into acknowledging something that he or she might otherwise not want to
acknowledge
False Dichotomy - Answer-- the fallacy of false dichotomy is committed when a
disjunctive ("either . . . or . . .") premise presents two unlikely alternatives as if they were
the only ones available, and the arguer then eliminates the undesirable alternative,
leaving the desirable one as the conclusion. Such an argument is clearly valid, but since
the disjunctive premise is false,
or at least probably false, the argument is typically unsound. the fallacy is often
committed by children when arguing with their parents, by advertisers, and by adults
generally.
Suppressed Evidence - Answer--Chapter 1 explained that a cogent argument is an
inductive argument with good reasoning and true premises. e requirement of true
premises includes the proviso that the premises not ignore some important piece of
evidence that outweighs the presented evidence and entails a very diff erent conclusion.
If an inductive argument does indeed ignore such evidence, then the argument commits
the fallacy of suppressed
evidence.
fallacy - Answer-A mistake in an argument that arises from defective reasoning or the
creation
of an illusion that makes a bad argument appear good
formal fallacy - Answer-formal fallacy is one that may be identified by merely examining
the form or structure of an argument.
informal fallacy - Answer-Detectable only by analyzing the content of an argument
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