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Anatomy Test 1 - Lecture notes Test 1 material
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8/29/24, 2:47 Anatomy Test 1 - Lecture notes Test 1PM material
Anatomical Position= straight upright, feet flat on floor, head is looking straight forward,
upper extremities handing @ side of body with palms forward and fingers extended.
A. Ipsilateral= on the same side of body
B. Contralateral= on opposite sides of body
Planes: coronal, midsagittal, transverse, parasagittal, and oblique
A. Coronal= divides body into superior and inferior aspects
B. Midsagittal= equal right and left halves, median plane
C. Transverse= divides body into superior and inferior aspect
D. Parasagittal= unequal left and right halves
E. Oblique= travels through body in an odd direction
Ventral Cavity: Thoracic cavity, diaphragm, and abdominopelvic
Thoracic Cavity: Mediastinum, Pleural Cavity, and Pericardial
cavity Serous membrane= the lining of all closed body cavity
A. Peritoneum= lining of abdomen cavity
B. Pericardium
a. Visceral pericardium= lies the surface of heart
b. Parietal pericardium= lies on the outside
c. Pericardial cavity with serous fluid= in between visceral and parietal
Abdominal Quadrants: right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, and left lower
quadrant
Tissue: group of similar cells and their extra cellular products that carry out a common function
4 Main Tissue Types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve
Epithelial: mostly cellular, tightly packed together, polar (attached to one another). Attach to each other
and to the tissue underneath. Avascular (no blood vessels pass through). Innervated (has a blood
supply). High regeneration capacity. Forms various glands of the human body.
A. Simple Epithelial= Simple Layer of cells
B. Stratified Epithelial= 2 or more layers
C. Squamous= thin and flattened
D. Cuboidal= cube like
E. Columnar= taller than they are wide
1. Simple Squamous: thinnest it can get
a. Good for diffusion
b. Endothelium= lining blood vessels, heart, and lymphatic
c. Mesothelium= lining of serous membrane
2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: good for absorption and secretion
3. Non-ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
a. Covered of microvilli (more surface area)
b. Absorption and secretion
c. Found in lining of digestive tract
4. Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
a. Contains cilia
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, 8/29/24, 2:47 Anatomy Test 1 - Lecture notes Test 1
PM material
b. Secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along surface
c. Found in lining of where tubes and larger bronchioles of respiratory tract
5. Goblet Cells
a. Produces and releases mucous
b. Unicellular gland
c. Open cavity= hot and dry
6. Pseudostratified columnar (Respiratory Epithelial)
a. Falsely stratified, only 1 layer with nuclei at different areas
b. Commonly ciliated
c. Most commonly found in respiratory
Stratified squamous= keratinized vs nonkeratinized
7. Keratinized Stratified Squamous
a. Keratin= tough protein, insoluble
b. Makes up epidermis
c. Protective layer
d. Ones on top are dead
8. Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous
a. found internally
b. found in vagina, oral cavity
c. internal protection
9. Stratified Cuboidal
Epithelium
a. 2 or more layers of cells
b. Found in duct of sweat glands
c. Protection and secretion
10. Transitional Epithelium
a. Changes when bladder is empty vs when full
b. As bladder fills up. Pressure starts to flatten the cuboidal cells to be squamous
Intercellular Material
A. Amorphous Chemicals
a. Glycoproteins= carbohydrates attached to protein
b. Protein glycans= protein attached to carbohydrates
i. A lot of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)= carbs with a lot of water binding capacity
B. Protein fibers
a. Collagen
b. Elastic
c. Reticular
Cell Junctions between certain epithelial cells
A. Tight junction
a. Zipper Effect
b. Very good at forming protective boarder
c. Plasma membrane will come together at several places
B. Adhering Junction
a. Stick together with separation
b. Found where epithelium is under a lot of mechanical stress
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