Exam (elaborations)
Chapter 11 The Self, Identity, and Personality
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Chapter 11 The Self, Identity, and Personality
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11Student:
1. Which of the following is the central aspect of an individual's personality?
A. self
B. identity
C. perception
D. self-assessment
2. Being attentive and positive toward one's image in a mirror appears as early as month(s) old.
A. 1
B. 3
C. 6
D. 12
3. When describing herself, Cali says that she is the oldest child in her family, is president of the honor
society at school, has a few close friends, and is on the student council. These aspects of Cali's self-
understanding are based on .
A. roles and membership categories
B. representations of the self
C. personal memories
D. self-concepts
4. Twenty-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Michael will
MOST likely
A. touch his nose in an attempt to wipe off the spot.
B. touch the mirror in an attempt to wipe the spot off of his nose.
C. wave and point to the child in the mirror.
D. look to his mother for assurance that the child in the mirror is okay.
5. Dewey comprehends that he is a 10-year-old boy who is: on the chess team, a member of a family, loves
computer games, and hates peanut butter. This is Dewey's
A. self-esteem.
B. personality.
C. self-understanding.
D. character.
6. For most children, the ability to recognize oneself in the mirror occurs around year(s) of age.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5
7. In general terms, the preschool child's understanding of self is
A. physical or active.
B. abstract.
C. symbolic.
D. transitory.
8. Todd explains that he is different from Davion because he is tall and has blonde hair and Davion is short
and has brown hair. Todd is a(n)
A. toddler.
B. preschooler.
C. elementary-aged child.
D. adolescent.
,9. Which of the following explains why young children have unrealistically positive self-descriptions?
A. They don't yet distinguish between their desired and actual competence.
B. They don't compare their own abilities with others.
C. They don't distinguish their real self from their ideal self.
D. All of these answers are correct.
10. Which of the following is an example of how a 5-year-old child might perceive a friend in terms of
psychological traits?
A. My friend lives over there.
B. My friend has brown hair.
C. My friend is funny.
D. My friend is short.
11. Which of the following is an example of how a young child might make a self-evaluation using an
unrealistically positive overestimation?
A. I am sometimes scared of the dark.
B. I know most of my ABCs.
C. I can sing part of that song.
D. I am never scared.
12. Mary Ann wants to help her young daughter better understand what other people are feeling. What should
Mary Ann say to help her daughter understand others?
A. "How do you think your friend feels because you took her toy?"
B. "Don't take her toy!"
C. "That is not your toy."
D. "Stop. You will break her toy?"
13. Mariah identifies herself as a kind person, a girl scout, and the best soccer player on her team, something
which will never change. Mariah is in
A. adulthood.
B. adolescence.
C. early childhood.
D. middle to late childhood.
14. Leigh understands that she upset her brother when she lost his favorite ball and wants to replace it to
make him happy. Leigh is displaying
A. self-understanding.
B. perspective taking.
C. social comparison.
D. contradictions within the self.
15. Ted is very good at understanding his friends' needs and thoughts. He is adept at
A. social comparison.
B. self-consciousness.
C. perspective taking.
D. self-understanding.
16. Jana has considered herself differently across a short period of time, as a tomboy, dancer, honor student,
and so on. This is an example of Jana's
A. ideal self.
B. real self.
C. possible self
D. fluctuating self.
,17. Kelsy dreams of becoming a singing star one day because she considers herself to be highly talented.
Kelsy is considering her
A. fluctuating self.
B. real self.
C. contradictions within the self.
D. possible self.
18. What individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they dread they will become
constitutes the
A. possible self.
B. fluctuating self.
C. self consciousness.
D. self integration.
19. One can put all the inconsistent self descriptions together in a systematical way and construct a general
theory of self-understanding. We refer to this as
A. the possible self.
B. self-integration.
C. the ideal self.
D. self-consciousness.
20. The extent to which an individual recognizes his or her personal psychological makeup, including
strengths and weaknesses, is that person's
A. fluctuating self.
B. possible self.
C. ideal self.
D. level of self-awareness.
21. As individuals get older, they describe possible selves and portray them in more ways.
A. more; abstract
B. fewer; concrete
C. fewer; abstract
D. more; concrete
22. Leslie recalls her painful divorce. At the time, she felt like a failure but now realizes that many aspects of
her life improved as a result of this challenge. This process is an example of .
A. the fluctuating self
B. the ideal self
C. possible selves
D. life review
23. Judy reminisces about when her children were young. She reveals to her daughter that she often felt tired
and discouraged during those times. Seeing her children as parents helps Judy realize that she was and is
a good mother. This is an example of .
A. life review
B. the fluctuating self
C. possible selves
D. self-esteem
24. Joann is an older adult who attends a group that shares its past experiences, familiar objects, and
photographs with each other. This kind of therapy is known as therapy.
A. life review
B. reminiscence
C. regression
D. narcissism
, 25. Self-esteem refers to , while self-concept refers to .
A. self-worth; self-image
B. global self-evaluation; domain-specific evaluations of the self
C. global self-evaluation; self-worth
D. domain-specific evaluations of the self; global self evaluation
26. Which of the following statements is NOT supported by research findings? Low self-esteem is
A. correlated with perceived negative physical appearance.
B. correlated with depression and lack of happiness.
C. caused by the poor quality of social support in youth.
D. correlated with poor mental and physical health in later life.
27. Self-esteem is correlated most strongly with
A. athletic competence.
B. behavioral conduct.
C. scholastic competence.
D. physical appearance.
28. Self-esteem is linked to many different factors. It is important to remember that the research is not ,
but is largely .
A. experimental; correlational
B. correlational; experimental
C. stable; fluctuating
D. global; domain-specific
29. Most adolescents have self-esteem.
A. high
B. low
C. fluctuating
D. inflated
30. Self-esteem is higher in than in .
A. males; females
B. females; males
C. adolescence; middle childhood
D. adolescence; middle adulthood
31. A nine-year-old child’s self-esteem is MOST likely to be
A. unrealistic.
B. realistic.
C. negative.
D. lower than an adolescent.
32. Cross-cultural research shows which of the following about adolescents around the world?
A. Almost three-fourths of the adolescents had a healthy self-image.
B. Almost three-fourths of the adolescents had an unhealthy self-image.
C. Less than half of the adolescents had a healthy self-image.
D. Almost three-fourths of the adolescents had unrealistically positive self-images.
33. All of the following are possible reasons why older adults don't have lower self-esteem than young or
middle-aged adults EXCEPT
A. they don't interpret their "losses" as negatively as younger adults would.
B. they are able to reach their emotion-related goals.
C. their knowledge-related goals have increased.
D. they compare themselves with other older adults rather than younger adults.
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