Exam (elaborations)
Chapter 12 Gender and Sexuality
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Chapter 12 Gender and Sexuality
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12Student:
1. Gender is the
A. characteristics of people as females or males.
B. biological aspects of being female or male.
C. set of expectations that prescribe how females and males should act, think, and feel.
D. behavior that is considered appropriate for females or males.
2. is one's sense of being male or female.
A. Gender role
B. Sex
C. Gender identity
D. Gender stereotypes
3. Gender roles are the
A. social and psychological dimensions of being female or male.
B. biological aspects of being female or male.
C. set of expectations that prescribe how females and males should act, think, and feel.
D. behavior that is considered appropriate for females or males.
4. Gender typing is the
A. social and psychological dimensions of being female or male.
B. biological aspects of being female or male.
C. set of expectations that prescribe how females and males should act, think, and feel.
Dprocess by which children acquire the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are considered appropriate
. for being female or male in a particular culture.
5. Pat's 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY. Pat is biologically a
A. male.
B. female.
C. carrier for fragile X syndrome.
D. child with Down syndrome.
6. What general class of sex hormones primarily influences the development of female physical sex
characteristics and helps regulate the menstrual cycle?
A. androgens
B. estrogens
C. testosterones
D. cortisols
7. Which of the following pairs is correct?
A. androgen/male sex characteristics
B. testosterone/female sex characteristics
C. estrogen/male physical characteristics
D. cortisol/male physical characteristics
8. are sex hormones produced both by the testes and adrenal glands.
A. Androgens
B. Testosterones
C. Estrogens
D. Estradiols
,9. Which of the following describes congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
A. a condition in males caused by a lack of androgen receptors in their cells
B. a condition in which males are missing a penis
C. a condition in females caused by enlarged adrenal glands that produce abnormally high levels of
androgens
D. a condition in which a child is born with both male and female genitals
10. What is androgen insensitivity?
A. a condition in males caused by a lack of androgen receptors in their cells
B. a condition in which females are missing ovaries
C. a condition in females caused by enlarged glands producing high levels of androgens
D. a condition in which a child is born with both male and female genitals
11. What is a pelvic field defect?
A. a condition in males caused by a lack of androgen receptors in their cells
B. a condition in which males are missing a penis
C. a condition in females caused by enlarged glands producing high levels of androgens
D. a condition in which a child is born with both male and female genitals
12. Studies following XY children with pelvic field defects indicate that
A. socialization of an individual most strongly influences gender identity.
B. the physical presence of sex parts most strongly influences gender identity.
C. prenatal exposure to androgens most strongly influences gender identity.
D. the parents' level of distress and coping style has a strong influence on the psychological adjustment of
these children.
13. Researchers have found links between hormone levels and certain behaviors. Which of the following is a
documented correlation?
A. High levels of estrogens are linked with aggressive and sexual behavior.
B. Violent criminals have above-average levels of estrogens.
C. High levels of cortisol are correlated with sexual behavior during puberty.
D. High levels of testosterone are linked with aggressive and sexual behavior.
14. Which developmental approach argues that different environmental pressures in primeval times forced
the separation of gender roles?
A. behavioral
B. social
C. evolutionary
D. cognitive
15. The idea that women show an adaptive preference for choosing long-term mates who can provide for
their offspring is an expression of
A. environmental design.
B. behaviorism.
C. natural selection.
D. social learning.
16. Dr. Estrada attributes gender differences to the possibility that women's lower-status positions in society
have encouraged them to become more cooperative and less dominant than men. Her view most closely
matches
A. cognitive developmental theories of gender.
B. psychoanalytic theories of gender.
C. ethological psychology.
D. the social role theory.
,17. Social cognitive theory attributes psychological differences between men and women to
A. observation, imitation, and the rewarding and punishment of gender-related behavior.
B. the degree of success with which one navigates certain discontinuous psychosocial crises.
C. the degree of identification with the same-sex parent.
D. naturally selected historical roles.
18. Which theory of gender emphasizes the role of peers in gender typing?
A. psychoanalytic theory of gender
B. social cognitive theory of gender
C. gender schema theory
D. evolutionary psychology
19. The psychoanalytic theory purports that gender typing occurs
A. before birth.
B. because of biology.
C. unconsciously.
D. in response to rewards and punishment of imitation behavior.
20. Observation, imitation, and rewards and punishment are facets of which gender theory?
A. psychoanalytic
B. social cognitive
C. gender schema
D. evolutionary psychology
21. With regard to gender stereotyping, recent research shows that parents
A. continue to interact differently with sons and daughters, often fostering behaviors that reinforce
traditional gender roles.
B. interact nearly equally with sons and daughters, often promoting autonomy and self-reliance.
C. often favor daughters and more heavily promote their intellectual development.
D. often favor sons and socialize them to be more obedient and responsible.
22. Social cognitive psychologists Luria and Herzog watched elementary school children play repeatedly in
same-sex groups and characterized the playground as
A. cognitive vacation.
B. social theatre.
C. gender school.
D. stereotyped role confinement.
23. A cognitive structure that allows for categorization and associations and in turn guides an individual's
perceptions is a .
A. bias
B. heuristic
C. attitude
D. schema
24. Paulo unconsciously knows what it means to be a boy. He interacts with others, chooses activities, and
interprets information in accordance with this cognitive representation of "maleness." This is an example
of which gender development theory?
A. social cognitive
B. psychoanalytic
C. psychosocial
D. gender schema
25. According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when a child
A. understands that sex is constant.
B. forms a concept of what is appropriate for males and females.
C. identifies with a same-sex parent.
D. imitates the behavior of men or women.
, 26. Research indicates that stereotyped gender roles are more psychologically constrictive for
A. girls.
B. boys.
C. children from nuclear families.
D. children from single-parent families.
27. Broad impressions and beliefs about females and males are termed
A. sex differences.
B. gender self-concepts.
C. gender-esteem evaluations.
D. gender stereotypes.
28. Dr. Barlow displays pictures of 10 individuals and asks students to match them with a list of occupations.
Unwittingly, the students align traditionally male jobs with pictures of men and traditionally female jobs
with pictures of women. This is an example of
A. sex discrimination.
B. gender role attribution.
C. gender stereotyping.
D. gender constancy.
29. Traditional views of gender held that male traits are generally , and female traits are generally
.
A. instrumental; expressive.
B. aggressive; independent.
C. power-oriented; instrumental.
D. expressive; assertive.
30. Females are most likely to be stereotyped as , whereas males are most likely to be stereotyped as
.
A. sensitive and power-oriented; aggressive and independent.
B. independent and power-oriented; warm and aggressive.
C. power-oriented and warm; sensitive and aggressive.
D. sensitive and warm; aggressive and independent.
31. The , a part of the brain that deals with sexual behavior, tends to be in males than females.
A. thalamus; smaller
B. hypothalamus; larger
C. hippocampus; smaller
D. hypothalamus; smaller
32. Compared with the male brain, which of the following is characteristic of a female brain?
A. One part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behavior is larger
B. It is smaller in size but has more folds and surface area
C. An area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is larger
D. Areas involved in emotional expression show less metabolic activity
33. Comparing the math abilities of males and females shows that
A. most males outperform most females.
B. most females outperform most males.
C. there is no significant difference between the sexes.
D. there are significant differences between the sexes in calculus only.
34. When reviewing factors related to school achievement, such as class participation, attentiveness, and
academic success
A. females are superior to males.
B. males are superior to females.
C. there is no difference between males and females.
D. females outrank males in the area of class participation only.
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