Summary
Summary Biology Grade 12
- Course
- Life Sciences
- Institution
- 12th Grade
These summaries are perfect for any grade 12 learner preparing for their grade 12 NSC biology exams.
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DNS, DIE KODE VAN LEWE:SITOPLASMA:
- Sitoplasma – halfvloeibare stof van ‘n sel wat buite die kernmembraan is en binne die selmembraan
- In eukariote
SELNUKLEUS:
(kyk video)
RIBOSOME:
- op ER / in sitoplasma
- funksie: proteïensintese
LIGGING VAN DNA:
Aangetref in:
- selnukleus
- in chromosome
CHROMOSOME:
- chromosome – lang string opgebou uit DNS & proteïene bekend as histone
- bevat genetiese inligting
- bestaan uit: 1 sentromeer & 2 chromatiede (opgebou uit DNS & histone)
GENE:
- geen – deel van DNS
- beheer gedeelte van sel se funksie, bv. Oogkleur
BUITEKERNIGE DNS:
- DNS = ook aangetref in ander organelle
- In mitochondria & chloroplaste
MITOCHONDRIALE DNA:
- Ekstranukleêre DNS – DNS aan buitekant v. selnukleus
- Mitochondriale DNS – DNS aangetref in mitochondria
- Mitochondriale DNS / mtDNS deur vrouens oorgedra
STRUKTUUR VAN DNS:
STRUKTUUR VAN DNS:
- Lang, spiraalagtige, reusemolekule
- 2 stringe materiaal in dubbelheliks gedraai
- DNS = ‘n polimeer opgebou uit monomere
- Monomere = bekend as nukleotiede (4 soorte) = boublokke v. DNS
- Elke nukleotied bestaan uit:
o Stikstofbevattende purien / pirimidien
o suikergroep = deoksiribose (D)
o fosfaat (F)
1 nukleotied:
, 4 verskeie soorte stikstofbasisse:
1. Adenien (A): groot purien
2. Guanien (G): groot purien
3. Timien (T): kleiner pirimidien
4. Sitosien (C): kleiner pirimidien
*pirimidienbasis (C / T) verbind altyd met purienbasis (A / G)
-> vorm ‘n dubbelheliks
Nukleotiede:
- Fosfaat & suiker vorm bene v. DNS leer & stikstofbasis vorm die sporte
4 tipes nukleotiede:
NUKLEOTIEDE:
- Elke basis sal slegs aan 1 ander spesifieke basis bind
- Adenien & Timien -> vorm basispaar
- Sitosien & Guanien -> vorm basispaar
HOE BASISPARE BIND:
- A=T&G=C
- 2 waterstofbindings bind tussen A & T
- 3 waterstofbindings vorm tussen C & G
- Elke nukleotied kan herhaaldelik in DNS string voorkom
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