1
Note: there is a difference
between being yourself and
Enduring maladaptive patterns for relating being pervasive
to enviro & self, exhibited in range of
Considered the most severe disorders out there One personality characteristic is
contexts that cause significant functional dominant and is always there
impairment or subjective distress - Pervasive- characteristic across the board (diff contexts)
- Rigid
- Present in childhood & Adolescence however, only diagnosable
With personality disorder from the age of 18 (adulthood-need to make sure they’re
they often have little insight solidified in personalities)
What is personality? into their behavior -
In order for the person to be diagnosed with PD, there’s criteria
Characteristic way person behaves & thinks that needs to be met:
We tend to type people as behaving in one way in
many situations ° Characteristics are chronic & are present from
childhood or adolescence
Personality traits consist on a continuum- we all show
signs pf PD’s at times- (dimensional rather than
° Affect every aspect of one’s life (personal relationships,
categorical work, social, etc)- the person will generally not change
their behavior to fit situation or person with whom
BUT, when personality characteristics interfere with
they’re interacting
relationships with others, cause person distress or
° Judgement of distress often needs to be made by
disrupt activities of daily living- they are ‘Personality
something other than PD suffered- they may show Emotional reaction to
disorders’
stunning lack of insight into what the client
transfers onto you
PD’s often resistant to treatment- one issue is the countertransference
felt by therapist
° Therapist needs to be aware of their own feelings
° Therapists must guard against letting their personal feelings
interfere with treatment (difficult)
° Clients are transferring their feelings onto the therapist
° To deal with it: recognize it & act on it
Read Pg 509-515
,- PD’s are divided into 3 Clusters:
2
A. Cluster A- odd or eccentric “MAD”
B. Cluster B- dramatic, emotional or erratic “BAD”
C. Cluster C- anxious or fearful “SAD”
Cluster A
Cluster A:
- Paranoid personality disorder
° (pervasive distrust, suspiciousness of others- motives interpreted as
malevolent)
- Schizoid personality disorder
° (pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships & restricted
range of expression of emotion in interpersonal settings
- Schizotypal personality disorder
° Social & interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with reduced
capacity for close relationships, as well as by cognitive or perceptual
Cluster B
distortion/eccentricities of behavior
Cluster B:
- Antisocial personality disorder
° Disregard for & violation of rights of others
- Borderline personality disorder
° unstable relationships (hate you-/love you)
° instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects & control over
impulses
- Histrionic personality disorder
° Excessive emotion & attention seeking
- Narcissistic personality disorder
° Grandiosity (fantasy & behavior), need for admiration & lack of empathy
Cluster C:
Cluster C
- Avoidant personality disorder
° Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy & hypersensitivity to negative
evaluation
- Dependent personality disorder (want to be take care of excessively, childlike,
want you to take control of their life) submissive, clinging behavior & fear
separation
- Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD: major emotion is frustration &
anger) preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism & mental & interpersonal
control, expense of flexibility, openness & efficiency
, 3
Involves pervasive distrust &
suspiciousness of others such Management :
that their motives are » Unlikely to seek professional help
interpreted as malevolent Causes
» *nb first step: Establishing meaningful therapeutic alliance
| Biological contributions: between patient & therapist
° Evidence is limited » Those who seek therapy- trigger is usually because of crisis in
° Relatives of individuals with their life (i.e. Anxiety/depression)
» Excessively mistrustful & suspicious of » Therapists try provide atmosphere to help develop sense of
others without justification Schizophrenia may be more likely to
have paranoid PD trust
» Assume other people are out to harm or
° Strong role of genetics in paranoid PD » Often use Cognitive therapy- to counter person’s mistaken
trick them, tend to not confide in that
| Psychological contributions: assumptions about others, focusing on changing persons
° Retrospective research- asking beliefs
individuals with thus disorder to recall » But there’s no confirmed demonstration that any form of
Clinical Description events from childhood treatment can significantly improve lives of people
° Suggests early mistreatment or
» Key characteristic: pervasive unjustified traumatic childhood experiences may Criteria for Paranoid PD:
distrust play role in development of this
» Suspicious in situations in which most other ° Strong bias in recall of these individuals
who are already prone to viewing
» People would agree their suspicions are world as threat
unfounded ° Some psychologists look at thoughts of
» Even events that don’t have to do with them these individuals as way of explaining
1.
are interpreted as personal attacks behavior
» This mistrust often extends to people close 2.
° Have maladaptive way of viewing
to them & makes meaningful relationships world that pervades every aspect of
difficult 3.
their life
» Individuals with this may be argumentative, ° Speculation of roots in early upbringing
complain or be quiet ° Parents have influence
» this style of interaction- is communicated 4.
| Cultural factors:
(sometimes non-verbally) to others, ° Certain groups of people (i.e. prisoners,
resulting in discomfort among those who 5.
refugees, etc.) are particularly
come into contact with them because of 6.
susceptible because of their unique
this unpredictability experiences
» Sensitive to criticism & have excessive need ° Harmless things (i.e. laughing/talking
for autonomy 7.
quietly) done by others may be
» increased risk of suicide attempts & violent interpreted as directed at you
behavior 7 tend to have a poor quality of ° Cultural & cognitive factors may interact
life to produce suspiciousness observed in
some people with paranoid PD
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